This paper presents the experimental double-differential and integral cross sections of reactions (p,xp), and (p,xα) on nat Cu nucleus. The experiment with the protons, accelerated to energy of 30.0 MeV was performed at the isochronous cyclotron of Institute of Nuclear Physics (Kazakhstan). We investigated the adequacy of the theoretical models in explaining the measured experimental data and contributions of direct, preequilibrium and compound processes in the formation of the cross sections were determined. We assert that the traditional frameworks are valid for the description of the experimental data.

This study investigates photocatalytic cells based on cocatalyst-loaded SrTiO₃:Al and nano-SiO₂ as a porous binder, immobilized on frosted glass. Comprehensive analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of aluminum into SrTiO₃, increasing oxygen vacancy concentration and enhancing charge transfer. The deposition of RhCr₂O₃ and CoOOH cocatalysts significantly improved photocatalytic activity, boosting hydrogen and oxygen evolution rates to 3.8401 and 1.6319 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively. The introduction of nano-SiO₂ increased hardness (0.23–0.25 GPa) and Young’s modulus (5.27–5.40 GPa), reinforcing structural integrity. The development of efficient photocatalytic panels requires a multifaceted strategy that considers chemical, mechanical, and optical properties together with stability, durability, and energy efficiency. Future research should focus on optimizing these key parameters to enhance system performance for industrial applications.

We present new experimental data for the inclusive (p,xp) and (p,x $$\alpha $$ α ) reactions on $$ ^{27}$$ 27 Al target. Double-differential cross sections of (p,xp) at energies 7, 22, 30 MeV and (p,x $$\alpha $$ α ) at energies 22, 30 MeV within the angular range of 30 $$ ^{\circ }$$ ∘ –135 $$ ^{\circ }$$ ∘ have been measured for the first time. The data has been analyzed by using the exciton model, along with multistep direct and multistep compound models to evaluate the adequacy of the theoretical models in explaining the measured data. Our calculations indicate that the exciton model captures the general trends and oscillatory structures of the spectra at higher proton energies; however, the agreement between theory and experiment remains qualitative, reflecting the inherent complexity of pre-equilibrium reaction mechanisms.