Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) facilitate data communication across multiple nodes and hop stations, characterized by their dynamic topology. This inherent flexibility, however, makes MANETs vulnerable to various security threats, notably blackhole and wormhole attacks, where malicious nodes can intercept and manipulate data. This study investigates the security vulnerabilities of MANETs, particularly against blackhole, Sybil, and wormhole attacks, and introduces the Advanced Blockchain Dynamic Source Routing (ABCD) algorithm to address these challenges. Motivated by the need for robust and decentralized security solutions in MANETs, the proposed algorithm integrates blockchain technology and homomorphic encryption to secure data communication without intermediate decryption. The ABCD algorithm leverages Dijkstra’s algorithm for optimal routing and employs a tamper-proof, decentralized data storage approach. Comparative analysis under attack scenarios reveals that the ABCD algorithm outperforms the standard DSR protocol across multiple quality of service metrics, demonstrating a significant improvement in MANET security over equivalent studies. The packet delivery rate is also improved from 81 to 92% using the modified ABCD algorithm.

Ad Hoc Wireless Networks support communication through few of terminals with changing topologies, which exposes them to vulnerabilities, including a blackhole threat. These attacks result in the compromising of data by malicious nodes which can intercede and modify the information as necessary. The emerging phenomenon offers wireless networking the opportunity to augment its security by using blockchain technology. In this analysis, we propose a novel routing protocol which is dependent over the Optimized Link State Routing algorithm and is called the Advanced Blockchain B-OLSR. It uses blockchain technology alongside homomorphic encryption technology to secure the network. The B-OLSR encrypts the data packets with homomorphic encryption, thus ensuring that the data can be protected without needing decryption at the intermediate nodes. Using Blockchain introduces a method for data storage that is decentralized, has no single point of failure, and no third party databases are relied upon, making it impossible for data to be tampered with. Processing of data begins only after it is decrypted at the destination. The analysis of B-OLSR with routing protocols like AODV, DSR, and OLSR shows that B-OLSR outperforms all other protocols during black hole attack instances in various effective parameters of Quality of Service (QoS) metrics. The Data delivery efficiency, average transmission delay, and throughput achieved in our computations are 91.6%, 23.6 seconds, and 2110 bytes, respectively. This was computed using Python. Compared to the alternative approaches, which have a PDR of 89.1%, AED of 22 seconds, and throughput of 1780 bytes, these values clearly indicate an improvement.

This research investigates the crucial role of cloud computing services in web development for creating scalable applications. Our study explores the benefits, challenges, and best practices associated with leveraging these services. Real-world case studies will be examined to showcase their significance. Additionally, we examine the integration of blockchain technologies in cloud-based web development and their potential impact on scalability. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the indispensability of cloud computing services in building scalable applications for the web. This research project delves into the transformative impact of cloud computing services on the field of web development. By providing scalable and flexible infrastructure, these services have revolutionized the way applications are built. Through an in-depth analysis of benefits, challenges, and best practices, along with real- world case studies, the project highlights the indispensable nature of cloud computing in creating scalable web applications. Furthermore, the exploration of blockchain integration within cloud-based web development offers insights into potential advancements in scalability and opens new avenues for innovation in the field. Additionally, the integration of blockchain technologies in cloud-based web development is investigated, providing insights into its potential impact on scalability and fostering innovation in the field. The research presents a comprehensive analysis of the indispensability of cloud computing services in creating scalable web applications and highlights their transformative impact on the development process.