Introduction: Ex-ante evaluation of rural road projects is important for proper utilisation of scarce financial resources. In recent years, several multiple criteria analysis methods have been applied for the evaluation of transportation projects.Methods: Here we compare three multi-criteria methods (i.e. TOPSIS, MOORA, and PROMETHEE) in ranking rural roads. The criteria and weightage were identified with an expert questionnaire survey and the decision matrix was obtained from a field survey of four rural roads of Nepal. These data demonstrate the successful application of various multi-criteria analysis methods for the evaluation of rural road projects with sustainable indicators.Results: The results of multi-criteria methods depend upon the value of performance measures, weightage, normalization, and aggregation procedures.Conclusion: We also concluded that the multi-criteria methods used (i.e. TOPSIS, MOORA, and PROMETHEE), in which weightage is derived using robust methods (e.g. AHP) and precise measurement of criteria of rural roads, in general return similar rankings.

Background: Nepal, known for its stunning mountainous landscape, is intersected by approximately 6,000 rivers. This unique geography necessitates the construction of numerous bridges, forming an extensive road network, including foot trails, which facilitate social interaction, cultural exchange, and economic growth. These structures connect a diverse population of over 125 ethnic groups, who speak 123 different dialects, to essential services, markets, and opportunities. Objectives: This study explores the historical background of bridge construction in Nepal, presents the current status of bridges, and examines their impact on economic development. Additionally, it provides recommendations to support implementation agencies in addressing the challenges faced in bridge construction and proposes potential solutions. Material and Methods: The study is based on a review of government documents, peer-reviewed articles, and primary data from bridge construction projects to provide insights into the history, current status, and role of bridges in enhancing connectivity and economic growth. Results: The construction of bridges alongside roads and trails in Nepal has substantially contributed to economic development and increased mobility, facilitating the smooth movement of people and goods across the country. This study provides a detailed account of the chronological development of bridges in Nepal and the subsequent economic growth enabled by improved mobility. It also addresses the improvements still required. To date, 1,656 bridges have been constructed on national highways, 435 on provincial roads, and 402 on local roads by the Department of Roads, Provincial Governments, and Local bodies on national highways, provincial roads, and local roads, respectively. Additionally, more than 10,000 trail bridges have been constructed along various trails. Conclusion: The bridges, including trail bridges, have played a vital role in enhancing connectivity and fostering economic development in Nepal.