Background: Preterm infants discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) have a risk of severe viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Researchers have recently reported the potential use of postbiotics to decrease RTIs in young children. However, the safety and efficacy of postbiotics for preventing RTIs in preterm infants is not yet established. Methods: We conducted a pilot double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the heat-killed lactic acid bacterium Pediococcus acidilactici K15 in 41 preterm infants born at <36 weeks of gestation and discharged from the NICU at Chiba University Hospital. Results: Following once-daily K15 or placebo treatment for one year, no significant differences were found in the mean number of febrile days (4.5 [1.5–7.4] days vs. 6.6 [2.6–10.5] days). The subgroup analysis showed that the effect of treatment on the number of febrile days was more prominent in the K15 group than in the placebo group, among children with older siblings. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal samples illustrated that the genus Faecalimonas was enriched in the K15 group, potentially promoting butyrate production by butyrate-producing bacteria. No adverse events were found to be associated with K15 intake. Conclusion: There were no clear data to show the effectiveness of K15 in preventing fever and RTIs in preterm babies during infancy. A larger clinical trial is warranted.

Objectives: This study aimed to clarify the factors of successful inter-agency collaboration that affect multidisciplinary workers’ abilities to identify child maltreatment. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted; the contents of the questionnaire included the Collaboration Evaluation Scale we developed and the workers’ abilities to identify child maltreatment. In total, 277 individuals from various agencies in Japan participated in this study. To examine the factors of successful inter-agency collaboration affecting workers’ awareness of child maltreatment, we used hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Results: The analysis showed the positive effect of “commitment with loyalty” on the workers’ awareness of child maltreatment-related information in all fields (β = .18–.31, p < .05), the effect of “strong leadership” on information about maltreated children and the home environment (β = .18, p < .05; β = .16, p < .05, respectively), and the effect of “resources” on the information about mothers’ information during pregnancy and of fathers’ feelings towards their children during the perinatal period (β = .17, p < .05; β = .22, p < .01, respectively). In conclusion, commitment with loyalty, strong leadership, and resources are factors of successful inter-agency collaboration that affects the ability of multidisciplinary workers to recognize signs of child maltreatment.