This article provides a comprehensive narrative review of the history of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and their development over time. Firstly, it explores the significant role of serendipity in the discovery of essential AEDs that continue to be used today, such as phenobarbital and valproic acid. Subsequently, it delves into the historical progression of crucial preclinical models employed in the development of novel AEDs, including the maximal electroshock stimulation test, pentylenetetrazol-induced test, kindling models, and other animal models. Moving forward, a concise overview of the clinical advancement of major AEDs is provided, highlighting the initial milestones and the subsequent refinement of this process in recent decades, in line with the emergence of evidence-based medicine and the implementation of increasingly rigorous controlled clinical trials. Lastly, the article explores the contributions of artificial intelligence, while also offering recommendations and discussing future perspectives for the development of new AEDs.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have emerged as a potent therapeutic option for the management of obesity, demonstrating exceptional efficacy in several large-scale clinical trials. Despite their promising therapeutic outcomes, the rising popularity of these agents raises significant concerns, particularly regarding their off-label use by individuals seeking weight loss for aesthetic reasons rather than addressing underlying metabolic health conditions. This article critically evaluates the efficacy and safety of GLP-1 RAs in obesity management. Additionally, it explores the economic implications and ethical challenges associated with the increasing demand for GLP-1 RAs. By addressing these dimensions, this article aims to facilitate informed and responsible decision-making in clinical practice, highlighting the need for individualized patient assessments and careful consideration of both short- and long-term safety risks.