This work provides a comprehensive review of the utilization of the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in optimizing current density distribution within the Electrical Contact Interfaces (ECIs) of Electromagnetic Railguns (EMRs). Mastery over the current density distribution at ECIs is crucial for boosting the operational efficiency and longevity of EMRs. FEA is instrumental in identifying and rectifying issues stemming from non-uniform current density distributions, which can result in severe problems like local overheating, material degradation, increased friction wear, and a decline in launch capabilities. This review delineates the pivotal factors affecting current density at ECIs, including the Velocity Skin Effect (VSE), Current Skin Effect (CSE), Proximity Effect (PE), input current, contact pressure, and contact resistance. It then explores recent advancements on the FEA-driven optimizations of material and structures, which have markedly enhanced performance of EMRs. Challenges in applying FEA—such as the complexity of modeling multi-field interactions, computational demands, and ensuring simulation reliability—are also addressed, with recent innovations offering promising solutions. This work concludes by underlining the indispensable contribution of FEA to the progressive development of EMRs, spotlighting its vital role in spearheading future innovations through the fusion of cutting-edge methodologies and interdisciplinary collaborations.

The Taylor–Quinney coefficient (TQC) is a critical parameter quantifying the thermal conversion of plastic work during deformation in metallic crystals. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in TQC research, spanning experimental, theoretical, and computational perspectives. The fundamental principles of the TQC are introduced, emphasizing its thermodynamic background and dependence on microstructural features. Experimental studies demonstrate how the strain rate, temperature, and microstructure influence the TQC, with advanced techniques such as infrared thermography and high-speed imaging enabling precise measurements under dynamic conditions. Theoretical models, including internal variable frameworks and nonequilibrium thermodynamics, offer insights into the energy distribution mechanisms and provide predictive capabilities across diverse loading scenarios. Computational simulations, using methods like finite element analysis and molecular dynamics, reveal multiscale thermal conversion mechanisms and the role of dislocation motion and localized heat accumulation in governing TQC values. Challenges and opportunities for TQC research are highlighted, including the need for multiscale modeling, the exploration of complex stress states, and applications under extreme environments. Future directions should focus on integrating advanced experimental techniques and computational models to optimize material design and performance. This review aims to deepen the understanding of the TQC and its implications for energy dissipation and material reliability in high-performance applications.