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Samuel I. Haruna
School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences Middle Tennessee State Univ. 1301 E Main St. Murfreesboro TN 37132 USA

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Papers on original research
Published: 03 June 2021 in Soil Science Society of America Journal
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Soil hydraulic properties influence water and nutrient availability, as well as environmental sustainability, and these properties vary across several landscape positions. This study investigated the spatial variability and fractal characterization of soil hydraulic properties across five slope positions: summit, shoulder, back, foot, and toe slopes. Triplicate soil samples (0-18 cm) were collected from each slope position from a pasture field planted to tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea syn. schendonorus arundinaceus). Soil bulk density (ρb), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), water retention at 0, -33, and -1500 kPa soil water matric potentials, soil organic carbon (SOC), and various pore sizes (macropores [>1,000 μm], mesopores [10-1,000 μm], and micropores [ 0.99) for hydraulic properties across all slope positions. The range of spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties was between 5.60 and 123.00 m at all slope positions. The fractal dimensions of soil hydraulic properties across all slope positions ranged from 0.784 – 1.966. Soil hydraulic properties were more similar at the foot and toe slopes which might favor improved crop productivity at these slope positions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ACS Style

Brendan A. Mitchell‐Fostyk; Samuel I. Haruna. Spatial and fractal characterization of soil hydraulic properties along a catena. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Brendan A. Mitchell‐Fostyk, Samuel I. Haruna. Spatial and fractal characterization of soil hydraulic properties along a catena. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brendan A. Mitchell‐Fostyk; Samuel I. Haruna. 2021. "Spatial and fractal characterization of soil hydraulic properties along a catena." Soil Science Society of America Journal , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 19 May 2021 in CATENA
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Soil nutrient elements influence crop productivity and environmental sustainability and they vary across several slope positions. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the spatial and fractal variability of selected soil macro- and micronutrient elements across five slope positions: summit, shoulder, back, foot, and toe slopes. Triplicate soil samples (0–18 cm) were collected from each slope position from a pasture field planted to tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea syn. schendonorus arundinaceus). Soil nutrient elements analyzed include phosphorus (P), potassium (K), nitrate N (NO3-N), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn). Additionally, soil pH, bulk density (BD), and soil organic carbon (SOC) were determined. Results show that SOC was 26% higher, while BD was 10% lower at the toe slope compared with the summit. Similarly, NO3-N was 15, 16, 18, and 1% higher at the toe slope position compared with the summit, shoulder, back and foot slopes probably due to nutrient mobility with water flow. Semivariogram analysis showed that the gaussian isotropic model provided be best fit (R2 > 0.97) for all nutrient elements across all slope positions. The range of spatial variability (A0) of nutrient elements was between 5.8 (K at the backslope position) and 71.0 m (P and Fe at the shoulder and back slope positions, respectively). The fractal dimensions of soil nutrient elements across all slope positions ranged from 0.216 to 1.949 suggesting that as the sampling distance exceeds half the A0, soil nutrient elements tend to become self-similar. The variability in soil nutrient elements from the current study can serve as a useful nutrient application recommendation tool for precision agriculture across five slope positions.

ACS Style

Samuel I. Haruna. Spatial and fractal characterization of selected soil nutrients along a catena. CATENA 2021, 204, 105443 .

AMA Style

Samuel I. Haruna. Spatial and fractal characterization of selected soil nutrients along a catena. CATENA. 2021; 204 ():105443.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel I. Haruna. 2021. "Spatial and fractal characterization of selected soil nutrients along a catena." CATENA 204, no. : 105443.

Journal article
Published: 11 June 2020 in Agriculture
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Cover cropping, tillage and crop rotation management can influence soil nutrient availability and crop yield through changes in soil physical, chemical and biological processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of three years of cover crop, tillage, and crop rotation on selected soil nutrients. Twenty-four plots each of corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) were established on a 4.05 ha field and arranged in a three-factor factorial design. The three factors (treatments) were two methods of tillage (no-tillage (NT) vs. moldboard plow [conventional] tillage (CT)), two types of cover crop (no cover crop (NC) vs. cover crop (CC)) and four typess of rotation (continuous corn, continuous soybean, corn/soybean and soybean/corn). Soil samples were taken each year at four different depths in each plot; 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, 20–40 cm and 40–60 cm, and analyzed for soil nutrients: calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), nitrogen (NO3 and NH4), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu). The results in the first year showed that CT increased NO3-N availability by 40% compared with NT. In the second year, NH4-N was 8% lower under CC compared with NC management. In the third year, P was 12% greater under CC management compared with NC management. Thus, CC can enhance crop production systems by increasing P availability and scavenging excess NH4-N from the soil, but longer-term studies are needed to evaluate long-term effects.

ACS Style

Samuel I. Haruna; Nsalambi V. Nkongolo. Influence of Cover Crop, Tillage, and Crop Rotation Management on Soil Nutrients. Agriculture 2020, 10, 225 .

AMA Style

Samuel I. Haruna, Nsalambi V. Nkongolo. Influence of Cover Crop, Tillage, and Crop Rotation Management on Soil Nutrients. Agriculture. 2020; 10 (6):225.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel I. Haruna; Nsalambi V. Nkongolo. 2020. "Influence of Cover Crop, Tillage, and Crop Rotation Management on Soil Nutrients." Agriculture 10, no. 6: 225.

Review
Published: 01 January 2020 in Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment
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Improving soil physical properties is important to soil conservation. Cover cropping can improve soil physical properties and organic matter content which can reduce soil loss, and thereby improve land productivity and environmental quality. In this article, the benefits of cover crops (CCs) for improving soil physical and hydraulic properties are reviewed as well as some soil conservation benefits that might accrue. The review indicates that CCs reduce soil bulk density by approximately 4%, increase macropores by approximately 33%, and increase water infiltration by as much as 629%, as compared to soil with no CCs. These improvements have been reported to lead to as much as 96% reduction in soil loss. Some current knowledge gaps in understanding how CCs can improve soil physical properties have been identified, including identifying which biomass, aboveground or belowground biomass, plays a greater role in organic C accumulation. Future research should focus on the interconnectedness of soil pores generated by CCs and the influence of CCs on heat transport parameters to further improve soil physical properties and associated benefits.

ACS Style

Samuel I. Haruna; Stephen H. Anderson; Ranjith P. Udawatta; Clark J. Gantzer; Nathan C. Phillips; Song Cui; Ying Gao. Improving soil physical properties through the use of cover crops: A review. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment 2020, 3, 1 .

AMA Style

Samuel I. Haruna, Stephen H. Anderson, Ranjith P. Udawatta, Clark J. Gantzer, Nathan C. Phillips, Song Cui, Ying Gao. Improving soil physical properties through the use of cover crops: A review. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment. 2020; 3 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel I. Haruna; Stephen H. Anderson; Ranjith P. Udawatta; Clark J. Gantzer; Nathan C. Phillips; Song Cui; Ying Gao. 2020. "Improving soil physical properties through the use of cover crops: A review." Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment 3, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 19 July 2019 in International Agrophysics
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ACS Style

Samuel Haruna. Influence of winter wheat on soil thermal properties of a Paleudalf. International Agrophysics 2019, 33, 389 -395.

AMA Style

Samuel Haruna. Influence of winter wheat on soil thermal properties of a Paleudalf. International Agrophysics. 2019; 33 (3):389-395.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel Haruna. 2019. "Influence of winter wheat on soil thermal properties of a Paleudalf." International Agrophysics 33, no. 3: 389-395.

Journal article
Published: 22 May 2019 in Geoderma
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Perennial systems, such as switchgrass have been shown to improve soil hydraulic properties on degraded soils relative to annual cropping systems; however, studies of the effects on thermal properties are limited. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of topsoil thickness on soil thermal properties under switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and row crop production systems. The experiment was carried out at the University of Missouri South Farm Research Center (38°54′ N, 92°16′ W). Research plots were re-established in 2009 with selected topsoil thickness categorized into two treatments (shallow [4 cm] and deep [36 cm]) on a Mexico silt loam (Vertic Epiaqualfs). Plots were planted to either switchgrass or a corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation with four replicates. Undisturbed soil cores (7.6 by 7.6 cm) and bulk soil were collected from two depths (10 cm increments) to determine thermal properties. Thermal conductivity (λ), volumetric heat capacity (Cv), and thermal diffusivity (D) were measured at 0, −33, −100 and − 300 kPa soil water pressures. In addition, soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density (Db) and water content (θ) were also determined. The results showed that the switchgrass treatment had 23% higher SOC, 5–8% greater θ, and 11% lower Db than the row crop treatment. In turn, switchgrass plot exhibited a 5–7% reduction in λ, an 8–9% reduction in D, and a 2–3% increase in Cv. Shallow topsoil thickness demonstrated increased thermal properties (λ, D and Cv) relative to the deep topsoil thickness, likely due to higher clay content in the surface soil horizon and associated higher θ. This study contributes to a better understanding of the impact of topsoil loss and perennial vegetation on the thermal properties of soils in degraded landscapes.

ACS Style

Syaharudin Zaibon; Stephen H. Anderson; Kristen S. Veum; Samuel Haruna. Soil thermal properties affected by topsoil thickness in switchgrass and row crop management systems. Geoderma 2019, 350, 93 -100.

AMA Style

Syaharudin Zaibon, Stephen H. Anderson, Kristen S. Veum, Samuel Haruna. Soil thermal properties affected by topsoil thickness in switchgrass and row crop management systems. Geoderma. 2019; 350 ():93-100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Syaharudin Zaibon; Stephen H. Anderson; Kristen S. Veum; Samuel Haruna. 2019. "Soil thermal properties affected by topsoil thickness in switchgrass and row crop management systems." Geoderma 350, no. : 93-100.

Journal article
Published: 15 May 2019 in Sustainability
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Research results still vary, especially between locations, on the effects of agricultural practices on soil chemical properties and crop yield, and not all reasons for the variation are fully understood. Thus, this study investigated the influence of tillage, cover crop and crop rotation management practices on selected soil chemical properties. The study was conducted on a silt-loam soil in central Missouri during the 2011 to 2013 growing seasons. The soil was managed by moldboard plow tillage at two levels (tillage [till] vs. no-tillage [NT]). Cover crop management included cereal rye (Secale cereale) at two levels (cover crop [CC] vs. no cover crop [NC]). The main crops that were grown were a corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation. The soil samples were collected each year at 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, 20–40 cm and 40–60 cm depths for the analysis of soil chemical properties. The results showed that after 3 years of study, the relative increase in percent soil organic matter (OM) was 4% under the no-till management as compared with moldboard plow tillage. In addition, the relative change in the percentage of OM was 8% greater in the CC management compared with NC. Furthermore, the results show a significant improvement (p = 0.0304) in total carbon with a combination of no-till management and a corn/soybean rotation as compared with continuous corn and soybean. The interaction effects of the management practices on the soil chemical properties were difficult to predict throughout the study.

ACS Style

Samuel Haruna; Nsalambi Nkongolo. Tillage, Cover Crop and Crop Rotation Effects on Selected Soil Chemical Properties. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2770 .

AMA Style

Samuel Haruna, Nsalambi Nkongolo. Tillage, Cover Crop and Crop Rotation Effects on Selected Soil Chemical Properties. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (10):2770.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel Haruna; Nsalambi Nkongolo. 2019. "Tillage, Cover Crop and Crop Rotation Effects on Selected Soil Chemical Properties." Sustainability 11, no. 10: 2770.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in Pedosphere
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ACS Style

Samuel Haruna; Stephen H. Anderson; Nsalambi Nkongolo; Syaharudin Zaibon. Soil Hydraulic Properties: Influence of Tillage and Cover Crops. Pedosphere 2018, 28, 430 -442.

AMA Style

Samuel Haruna, Stephen H. Anderson, Nsalambi Nkongolo, Syaharudin Zaibon. Soil Hydraulic Properties: Influence of Tillage and Cover Crops. Pedosphere. 2018; 28 (3):430-442.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel Haruna; Stephen H. Anderson; Nsalambi Nkongolo; Syaharudin Zaibon. 2018. "Soil Hydraulic Properties: Influence of Tillage and Cover Crops." Pedosphere 28, no. 3: 430-442.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in Geoderma
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ACS Style

Melis Cercioglu; Stephen H. Anderson; Ranjith P. Udawatta; Samuel Haruna. Effects of cover crop and biofuel crop management on computed tomography-measured pore parameters. Geoderma 2018, 319, 80 -88.

AMA Style

Melis Cercioglu, Stephen H. Anderson, Ranjith P. Udawatta, Samuel Haruna. Effects of cover crop and biofuel crop management on computed tomography-measured pore parameters. Geoderma. 2018; 319 ():80-88.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Melis Cercioglu; Stephen H. Anderson; Ranjith P. Udawatta; Samuel Haruna. 2018. "Effects of cover crop and biofuel crop management on computed tomography-measured pore parameters." Geoderma 319, no. : 80-88.

Journal article
Published: 09 April 2018 in Current Investigations in Agriculture and Current Research
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ACS Style

Samuel I Haruna. Musings on Conservation Agriculture. Current Investigations in Agriculture and Current Research 2018, 1, 001 -002.

AMA Style

Samuel I Haruna. Musings on Conservation Agriculture. Current Investigations in Agriculture and Current Research. 2018; 1 (5):001-002.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel I Haruna. 2018. "Musings on Conservation Agriculture." Current Investigations in Agriculture and Current Research 1, no. 5: 001-002.

Journal article
Published: 03 March 2018 in Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
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Water is usually the most limiting factor in agricultural grain crop production. Various agricultural management practices, such as tillage and use of cover crops, have the potential to influence water infiltration into soil. This study was conducted on a Waldron silt loam (fine, smectitic, calcareous, mesic Aeric Fluvaquents) soil to evaluate the influence of cover crop and tillage management on in situ infiltration. The field site included three replicate blocks in a randomized complete block design with each plot measuring 21.3 m (69.9 ft) length and 12.2 m (40 ft) width. The two treatment factors included cover crop at two levels (cereal rye [Secale cereale] cover crop [CC] versus no cover crop [NC]) and tillage at two levels (moldboard plow tillage [Till] versus no-tillage [NT]). Continuous corn (Zea mays L.) was grown. Infiltration rates were measured in all the treatments using a Mariotte system with single-ring infiltrometers during the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Water infiltration parameters were estimated using the Parlange and Green-Ampt infiltration equations. Parlange and Green-Ampt models appeared to fit measured data well with coefficient of variation ranging from 0.92 to 0.99. In 2014, the saturated hydraulic conductivity (KS) parameter value determined from the Parlange model was 30.4 mm h−1 (1.2 in hr−1) for NT, about 42% greater than Till. The KS parameter value determined from the Green-Ampt model was 25.9 mm h−1 (1 in hr−1) for NT, about 54% greater than Till. In 2015, the sorptivity (S) parameter value determined from the Parlange model was 38.6 mm h−0.5 (1.5 in hr−0.5) for CC, about 82% greater than NC. The S parameter value determined from the Green-Ampt model was 34 mm h−0.5 (1.3 in hr−0.5) for CC, about 90% greater than NC. Cover crop management can increase water infiltration, which can improve soil quality and enhance the sustainability of crop production systems.

ACS Style

Samuel Haruna; Nsalambi Nkongolo; S.H. Anderson; F. Eivazi; Syaharudin Zaibon. In situ infiltration as influenced by cover crop and tillage management. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 2018, 73, 164 -172.

AMA Style

Samuel Haruna, Nsalambi Nkongolo, S.H. Anderson, F. Eivazi, Syaharudin Zaibon. In situ infiltration as influenced by cover crop and tillage management. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 2018; 73 (2):164-172.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel Haruna; Nsalambi Nkongolo; S.H. Anderson; F. Eivazi; Syaharudin Zaibon. 2018. "In situ infiltration as influenced by cover crop and tillage management." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 73, no. 2: 164-172.

Journal article
Published: 31 August 2017 in Soil Science Society of America Journal
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Heat transport is an important factor that can influence the soil environment. The objective of this study was to determine if perennial biofuel and cover crops could alter soil thermal properties. Experimental treatments included two levels of cover crops (cover crops [CC] vs. no cover crops) [NC], collectively called row crops (RC), and two biofuel crop treatments. Cover crops used included cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa subsp. villosa), and Austrian winter pea [Pisum sativum subsp. arvense (L.) Asch. & Graebn]. The two biofuel treatments included perennial biofuel crops (PB): giant miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus J.M. Greef & Deuter ex Hodkinson & Renvoize) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Soil samples were collected at 10-cm depth increments from the soil surface to a depth of 30 cm. Soil thermal properties (thermal conductivity [λ], volumetric heat capacity [CV], thermal diffusivity [D]), and volumetric water content (θ) were determined at 0, -33, -100 and -300 kPa soil water matric potentials. Additionally, bulk density and soil organic C (SOC) were determined. Results showed that PB had 11% higher CV at saturation, probably because they had significantly higher θ and SOC than RC management. Cover crops had 13% higher CV at saturation probably because they had significantly higher θ and SOC than no cover crop management. Row crops had significantly higher λ and D than PB. The results from the current study imply that CC and PB can change soil thermal properties by reducing λ and D and increasing CV under laboratory conditions. Copyright © 2017. . Copyright © by the Soil Science Society of America, Inc.

ACS Style

Samuel I. Haruna; Stephen H. Anderson; Nsalambi Nkongolo; Timothy Reinbott; Syaharudin Zaibon. Soil Thermal Properties Influenced by Perennial Biofuel and Cover Crop Management. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2017, 81, 1147 -1156.

AMA Style

Samuel I. Haruna, Stephen H. Anderson, Nsalambi Nkongolo, Timothy Reinbott, Syaharudin Zaibon. Soil Thermal Properties Influenced by Perennial Biofuel and Cover Crop Management. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 2017; 81 (5):1147-1156.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel I. Haruna; Stephen H. Anderson; Nsalambi Nkongolo; Timothy Reinbott; Syaharudin Zaibon. 2017. "Soil Thermal Properties Influenced by Perennial Biofuel and Cover Crop Management." Soil Science Society of America Journal 81, no. 5: 1147-1156.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Geoderma
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ACS Style

Syaharudin Zaibon; Stephen H. Anderson; Allen L. Thompson; Newell R. Kitchen; Clark J. Gantzer; Samuel I. Haruna. Soil water infiltration affected by topsoil thickness in row crop and switchgrass production systems. Geoderma 2017, 286, 46 -53.

AMA Style

Syaharudin Zaibon, Stephen H. Anderson, Allen L. Thompson, Newell R. Kitchen, Clark J. Gantzer, Samuel I. Haruna. Soil water infiltration affected by topsoil thickness in row crop and switchgrass production systems. Geoderma. 2017; 286 ():46-53.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Syaharudin Zaibon; Stephen H. Anderson; Allen L. Thompson; Newell R. Kitchen; Clark J. Gantzer; Samuel I. Haruna. 2017. "Soil water infiltration affected by topsoil thickness in row crop and switchgrass production systems." Geoderma 286, no. : 46-53.

Journal article
Published: 22 September 2016 in Soil Science Society of America Journal
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Loss of productive topsoil by erosion with time can reduce the productive capacity of soil and can significantly affect soil physical and hydraulic properties. This study evaluated the effects of reduced topsoil thickness and perennial switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) vs. a corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation on soil bulk density (ρb), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), soil water retention, and pore size distributions. The experiment was conducted at the University of Missouri South Farm on a Mexico silt loam (a Vertic Epiaqualf). Plots with the corn–soybean rotation and switchgrass were established in 2009 with four replicates. Twenty-seven years after establishment, plots with selected topsoil thickness were grouped into four treatments (TopA [4 cm], TopB [11 cm], TopC [22 cm], and TopD [36 cm]). Undisturbed soil cores, 76 by 76 mm, were collected by 10- cm depth increments from the surface to the 40-cm depth. Results showed that soil under switchgrass had 53 and 27% higher macroporosity (>1000- μm diameter) and coarse mesoporosity (60–1000-μm diameter), respectively, than row crop management. This led to 73% greater Ksat and 11% higher water content at saturation than row crop management. Thicker topsoil treatments (TopC and TopD) had consistently lower ρb and greater Ksat than the shallow topsoil treatments (TopA and TopB) for all sampling depths. These results imply that switchgrass production systems significantly improve soil hydraulic properties, particularly in eroded claypan landscapes. Copyright © 2016. . Copyright © by the Soil Science Society of America, Inc.

ACS Style

Syaharudin Zaibon; Stephen H. Anderson; Newell R. Kitchen; Samuel Haruna. Hydraulic Properties Affected by Topsoil Thickness in Switchgrass and Corn-Soybean Cropping Systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2016, 80, 1365 -1376.

AMA Style

Syaharudin Zaibon, Stephen H. Anderson, Newell R. Kitchen, Samuel Haruna. Hydraulic Properties Affected by Topsoil Thickness in Switchgrass and Corn-Soybean Cropping Systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 2016; 80 (5):1365-1376.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Syaharudin Zaibon; Stephen H. Anderson; Newell R. Kitchen; Samuel Haruna. 2016. "Hydraulic Properties Affected by Topsoil Thickness in Switchgrass and Corn-Soybean Cropping Systems." Soil Science Society of America Journal 80, no. 5: 1365-1376.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2015 in International Agrophysics
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Soil and crop management practices can affect the physical properties and have a direct impact on soil sustainability and crop performance. The objective of this study was to investigate how soil physical properties were affected by three years of tillage, cover crop and crop rotation treatments in a corn and soybean field. The study was conducted on a Waldron siltyloam soil at Lincoln University of Missouri. Soil physical properties studied were soil bulk density, volumetric and gravimetric water contents, volumetric air content, total pore space, air-filled and water-filled pore space, gas diffusion coefficient and pore tortuosity factor. Results showed significant interactions (p

ACS Style

Samuel Haruna; Nsalambi Nkongolo. Effects of Tillage, Rotation and Cover Crop on the Physical Properties of a Silt-Loam Soil. International Agrophysics 2015, 29, 137 -145.

AMA Style

Samuel Haruna, Nsalambi Nkongolo. Effects of Tillage, Rotation and Cover Crop on the Physical Properties of a Silt-Loam Soil. International Agrophysics. 2015; 29 (2):137-145.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel Haruna; Nsalambi Nkongolo. 2015. "Effects of Tillage, Rotation and Cover Crop on the Physical Properties of a Silt-Loam Soil." International Agrophysics 29, no. 2: 137-145.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in Procedia Environmental Sciences
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Corn and soybean are among the major crops in the United States. Corn alone covers about 88 million acres, valued at $63 billion of which 20 percent is exported. Adapting corn and soybean production to a changing climate is a critical need as yields are affected by drought and excess water. We studied the effect of tillage, rotation and cover crop on corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max) yields from 2011 to 2013. The study was conducted on a Waldron silty-loam soil at Lincoln University of Missouri's Freeman farm. Twenty four plots of each corn and soybean were established on a 4.05ha field and arranged in a 3-factor factorial design with 3 replications. The 3 factors (treatments) were tillage at two levels (no-tillage vs conventional tillage), cover crop at two levels (no-rye vs rye) and rotation at four levels (continuous corn, continuous soybean, corn/soybean and soybean/corn rotations). Corn and soybean were planted each year in June and harvested in late October. Rye (Secale cereale) was planted in 12 plots of each corn and soybean immediately after harvest. All corn and soybean plots received 26kg N, 67kg P2O5, and 67kg K2O/ha. However, the corn plots received an additional 202kg N/ha from urea. Overall, corn yield was significantly affected by year (p=0.001), but not tillage or cover crop. Soybean yield, however, was significantly affected by year (p=0.0001), tillage (p=0.0218) and cover crop (p=0.0531). In addition, on year per year basis, corn yield was significantly affected by tillage in 2011 while soybean yield was significantly affected by tillage and cover crop in 2011 and 2012 (p<0.05). These results suggest that cover crop may have an impact on soybean yield. The study is still being conducted for two more years and will hopefully provide more light on the effects of soil/crop management practices on the yields of corn and soybean in this silt loam soil

ACS Style

Nsalambi Nkongolo; Samuel Haruna. Effect of Tillage and Cover Crop on Corn and Soybean Yields in a Silt Loam Soil. Procedia Environmental Sciences 2015, 29, 15 -16.

AMA Style

Nsalambi Nkongolo, Samuel Haruna. Effect of Tillage and Cover Crop on Corn and Soybean Yields in a Silt Loam Soil. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 2015; 29 ():15-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nsalambi Nkongolo; Samuel Haruna. 2015. "Effect of Tillage and Cover Crop on Corn and Soybean Yields in a Silt Loam Soil." Procedia Environmental Sciences 29, no. : 15-16.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in Procedia Environmental Sciences
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Cover crops have been known to reduce soil erosion, among other benefits, and increase water infiltration, organic matter and soil microbial activity. This study was conducted at Lincoln University's Freeman farm during 2011 and 2012 to assess the effects of cover crop management on soil physical and biological properties. The soil of the experimental site was a Waldron silt loam soil (Fine, smectitic, calcareous, mesic Aeric Fluvaquents). The field was 4.05ha in size and subdivided into 48 plots, each measuring 12.2 m x 21.3 m. The cropping pattern for the plots was a corn (Zea mays L.)/soybean (Glycine max) rotation. The cover crop of choice was cereal rye (Secale cereale). Half of the total plots had cover crop management while the other half had no-cover crop. Soil samples were collected at four depths; 0-10, 10-20, 20-40 and 40-60cm. Samples were oven dried at 105oC for 72h for soil physical properties analysis. Air dried soil samples were also sent to a commercial laboratory for analysis of soil biological properties. Results showed a significant effect (p< 0.05) of cover crop on the selected soil physical and biological properties. A 3.5% decrease was also observed in soil bulk density in cover crop plots as compared with no-cover crop plots. The carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio decreased with increasing sampling depth for the first three depths and increased slightly in the fourth depth (p<0.05). C/N ratio also showed a 5.6% increase in no-cover crop plots as compared with cover crop plots. The cover crop used in this study was capable of significantly improving soil physical and biological properties

ACS Style

Samuel Haruna; Nsalambi Nkongolo. Cover Crop Management Effects on Soil Physical and Biological Properties. Procedia Environmental Sciences 2015, 29, 13 -14.

AMA Style

Samuel Haruna, Nsalambi Nkongolo. Cover Crop Management Effects on Soil Physical and Biological Properties. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 2015; 29 ():13-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel Haruna; Nsalambi Nkongolo. 2015. "Cover Crop Management Effects on Soil Physical and Biological Properties." Procedia Environmental Sciences 29, no. : 13-14.

Original articles
Published: 25 August 2014 in Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis
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Researchers assessed the spatial distribution of soil chemical properties and nutrients at four depths in a clay loam soil cropped to corn and soybean at Freeman farm of Lincoln University. Soil samples were taken at depths of 0–10, 10–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm in a 4.05-ha field and analyzed for acidity or basicity (pH), cation exchange capacity (CEC), total carbon (TC), organic matter (OM), base saturations on the CEC, ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3−), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn). Results showed that coefficients of variation (CV) ranged between 5 and 30%, except for TC, NO3−, and Zn, which had greater CVs. Soil chemical properties and nutrients responded to exponential, linear, Gaussian, and spherical variogram models with nugget-to-sill ratios ≤ 1.0 and effective ranges from 4 to 56 m. Fractal analysis showed that CEC in all depths belonged to the 1.99 ≥ D3 ≥ 1.90 group, which suggests great disorder and antipersistence in the spatial structure.

ACS Style

Samuel I. Haruna; Nsalambi V. Nkongolo. Spatial and Fractal Characterization of Soil Chemical Properties and Nutrients across Depths in a Clay-Loam Soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 2014, 45, 2305 -2318.

AMA Style

Samuel I. Haruna, Nsalambi V. Nkongolo. Spatial and Fractal Characterization of Soil Chemical Properties and Nutrients across Depths in a Clay-Loam Soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2014; 45 (17):2305-2318.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel I. Haruna; Nsalambi V. Nkongolo. 2014. "Spatial and Fractal Characterization of Soil Chemical Properties and Nutrients across Depths in a Clay-Loam Soil." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 45, no. 17: 2305-2318.

Research article
Published: 23 December 2013 in ISRN Soil Science
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We assessed the spatial variability of soil physical properties in a clay-loam soil cropped to corn and soybean. The study was conducted at Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri. Soil samples were taken at four depths: 0–10 cm, 10–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm and were oven dried at 105°C for 72 hours. Bulk density (BDY), volumetric (VWC) and gravimetric (GWC) water contents, volumetric air content (VAC), total pore space (TPS), air-filled (AFPS) and water-filled (WFPS) pore space, the relative gas diffusion coefficient (DIFF), and the pore tortuosity factor (TORT) were calculated. Results showed that, in comparison to depth 1, means for AFPS, Diff, TPS, and VAC decreased in Depth 2. Opposingly, BDY, Tort, VWC, and WFPS increased in depth 2. Semivariogram analysis showed that GWC, VWC, BDY, and TPS in depth 2 fitted to an exponential variogram model. The range of spatial variability (A0) for BDY, TPS, VAC, WFPS, AFPS, DIFF, and TORT was the same (25.77 m) in depths 1 and 4, suggesting that these soil properties can be sampled together at the same distance. The analysis also showed the presence of a strong (≤25%) to weak (>75%) spatial dependence for soil physical properties.

ACS Style

Samuel Haruna; Nsalambi V. Nkongolo. Variability of Soil Physical Properties in a Clay-Loam Soil and Its Implication on Soil Management Practices. ISRN Soil Science 2013, 2013, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Samuel Haruna, Nsalambi V. Nkongolo. Variability of Soil Physical Properties in a Clay-Loam Soil and Its Implication on Soil Management Practices. ISRN Soil Science. 2013; 2013 ():1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel Haruna; Nsalambi V. Nkongolo. 2013. "Variability of Soil Physical Properties in a Clay-Loam Soil and Its Implication on Soil Management Practices." ISRN Soil Science 2013, no. : 1-8.