The genus Cajanus (Family: Fabaceae) consists of approximately 37 species, and Cajanus cajan (C. cajan) is a significant member of the genus. It is a commercial legume crop widely grown in sub-tropical and semi-arid tropical areas of the world. C. cajan is well known for its folk medicinal uses to treat various disorders, such as toothache, dizziness, diabetes, stomachache, female ailments and chronic infections. These properties have been linked to the presence of several value-added nutritional and bioactive components. Different solvent extracts from C.cajan (leaves, root, stem and seeds) have been evaluated for their phytochemical and biological activities, namely antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. Taken together, and considering the prominent nutraceutical and therapeutic properties of C. cajan, this review article focuses on the important details including ethnomedicinal uses, chemical composition, biological applications and some other medicinal aspects related to C.cajan nutraceutical and pharmacological applications.

Background: Saussurea is the most diverse genus of the Asteraceae family generally found in temperate areas of Eurasian countries. This genus comprises approximately 27 ethnologically important species such as Saussurea laniceps, S. costus, S. medusa, S. obvallata, S. involucrata, etc. which are traditionally used for treatment of various ailments and also have aesthetic and religious importance. Methods: This study integrated two separate approaches for the literature review, first we reviewed research work conducted on ethnobotany, morphology, pollinators, breeding systems, and the development of fruits of the genus Saussurea. Second, bibliometric analysis for quantitative analysis of published documents on the Scopus database to identify research status and publication trends emerging in the field of reproductive biology and ethnobotany of the Saussurea genus. Results and Conclusion: According to our findings, all Saussurea species use entomophily as their primary method of pollination. In this genus, outcrossing is typically observed, and this breeding system appears to have been responsible for the success in terms of ecology and evolution of this genus. India is one among the top nations having the most published literature on the reproductive biology of the Saussurea genus and its ethnobotanical uses. The top three journals where the manuscripts have been published are the “Journal of Ethnopharmacology”, “Plos One”, “Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine”. Research topics such as conservation, ethnopharmacology and Saussurea lappa are highly cited topics, indicating the usage of Saussurea species especially in the pharmaceutical industries. This study provides a snapshot of the research progress in the field of reproductive biology and ethnobotanical studies on the Saussurea genus at the global level and opens doors to future research. Keywords: Saussurea, pollen, breeding system, entomophily, phenology, pollinators.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common among community acquired infections worldwide affecting men as well as women, many reports suggested that uropathogens are becoming more resistant towards antibiotics, which can cause various problems during treatment. Methods: In this study, 48 samples were collected from the suspected patients and these samples were subjected to various clinical evaluations. Results: Among them 29 were females and 19 were males, in the studied cases E. coli (48.3%) was most frequently observed pathogens, S. aureus (29.03%).Among antibiotics, Tigecyclin (TGC) was the most effective antibiotic against all the three isolated bacteria, about 100% of bacteria showed the sensitivity towards it. E. coli was found to be the most resistant bacteria against Tetracycline (TET) (66.6%) followed by Amoxiclav (AMC) (60%), Fosfomycin (Fo) (53.3%), Piperacilllin (PIP) (53.3%), Cefepime (CPM) (53.3%). Among K. pneumonia isolates had shown resistance against Tetracycline (TET) (57.1%), Fosfomycin (FO) (57.1%), Piperacillin (PI) (57.1%), Cephalexin (CZ) (57.1%) and Amikacin (AK) (57.1%). Staphylococcus aureus had shown maximum resistance against Tetracycline (TET) (66.5%), Co-amoxiclav (AMC) (66.5%) followed by Chloramphenicol (55.4%) and Cefepime (CPM) (55.4%). Conclusion: In conclusion UTI infection rates are higher among females, E. coli was the most causative agents of UTI and the emergence of resistance in bacteria is probably due to the overuse of antibiotics. Antibiotic Tigecyclin could be the drug of choice for the treatment of UTI.