Fungi are one of the major components of the eukaryotic microbial community in marine ecosystems, playing a significant role in organic matter cycling and food web dynamics. However, the diversity and roles of fungi in marine sediments remain poorly documented. To elucidate the diversity and spatial distribution of fungal communities in the marine sediments of an estuary–coast continuum across three distinct salinity regions in Zhanjiang Bay, China, the variations in fungal diversity, abundance, community structure, and distribution in the sediments were investigated through the application of high-throughput amplicon sequencing using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) primers. Additionally, the FUNGuild database was employed to assess the potential functional traits of fungi. A total of 1242 ASV sequences, affiliated to 144 genera and five phyla, were identified. Ascomycota (68.97%) and Basidiomycota (6.41%) were the dominant fungal groups, together accounting for 75.38% of the total relative abundance of the fungal community. Significant differences were observed in the α-diversity indices (Shannon index and richness) and β-diversity of fungal communities across the three distinct salinity regions. The fungal molecular network exhibited primarily positive species interactions, with notable structural differences across salinity gradients. The low-salinity group had a large network with high modularity; the medium-salinity group a small, simple network with high centralization, and the high-salinity group a compact, moderately complex network. Symbiotrophs, saprotrophs, and pathotrophs, being the three trophic types with the highest proportions, were estimated based on ITS. A redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that salinity was the primary factor influencing the distribution of Ascomycota communities, while the distributions of Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Mucoromycota, and Rozellomycota were more strongly affected by environmental factors such as chlorophyll a, chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, and temperature. Our work provides new scientific data on the diversity, composition, and distribution of fungal communities in Zhanjiang Bay, which helps to understand the biodiversity of fungi in the estuary–coast ecosystems.

To investigate the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton community structure and its relationship with environmental factors in the coastal waters of the Leizhou Peninsula, China, surveys were conducted at 21 stations during four seasonal cruises: autumn (August 2022), winter (December 2022), spring (March 2023), and summer (June 2023). A total of 174 phytoplankton species from 7 phyla were identified. Species richness peaked in summer (93 species, 5 phyla), followed by winter (80 species, 3 phyla), spring (79 species, 5 phyla), and autumn (75 species, 5 phyla). Bacillariophyta dominated throughout the year, with Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve 1878 and Chaetoceros lorenzianus Grunow 1863 being consistently dominant across all seasons. Phytoplankton cell density showed a distinct seasonal pattern, highest in autumn, followed by summer, and lower in spring and winter. Diversity indices (H, J, D) indicated moderately to heavily polluted waters. Redundancy analysis identified salinity, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, chlorophyll a (Chl a), pH, water temperature, chemical oxygen demand, and dissolved silicon as key environmental drivers, with their influence varying seasonally: salinity was strongest in summer, Chl a in winter, and multiple factors jointly shaped the community in spring and autumn. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of phytoplankton biodiversity and clarifies the environmental drivers of their distribution in the coastal waters of the Leizhou Peninsula, China.

The Zhanjiang Bay ecosystem, frequently influenced by typhoons, represents a highly dynamic coastal environment where elucidating phytoplankton responses to extreme disturbances is essential for sustainable management. This study investigated the impacts of Typhoon Prapiroon on phytoplankton community composition and distribution by employing high-throughput sequencing of the 28S rDNA D1–D2 regions. A total of 137 species belonging to 46 genera was identified, with the ten dominant genera collectively contributing more than 85% of the total abundance, exhibiting substantial shifts in community structure following the typhoon. Salinity was identified as the predominant environmental driver shaping phytoplankton distribution, while temporal analyses revealed lagged community responses to post-typhoon conditions. Moreover, biotic interactions among taxa further influenced patterns of community restructuring. These findings enhance the understanding of phytoplankton resilience mechanisms under extreme climatic disturbances. The integration of phytoplankton monitoring into coastal early warning systems is recommended to inform adaptive management strategies and mitigate ecological risks associated with the increasing frequency and intensity of typhoons, thereby supporting the sustainable use and conservation of estuarine and coastal ecosystems.

Microorganisms in sediments participate actively in biogeochemical cycling and are essential for maintaining the stability of marine ecosystems. To investigate the spatial impact of seaweed mariculture on sediment bacterial communities, three distinct zones were selected along the Zhanjiang coast, China: the Gracilaria salicornia aquaculture zone, a transition zone (adjacent to the aquaculture area), and a control zone (with no direct mariculture influence). In this study, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was employed to examine the composition, diversity, and potential functions of sediment bacterial communities across these three zones. The dominant microbial communities identified included Pseudomonadota, Thermodesulfobacteriota, Chloroflexota, and Acidobacteriota. Analyses of α-diversity, β-diversity, and molecular ecological network revealed that the bacterial community in the G. salicornia aquaculture zone exhibited significant differences in species composition, community structure, and interspecies interaction compared with those in the transition and control zones. Environmental factors such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and nitrate (NO₃⁻) exerted significant influence on the bacterial community composition and structure. Predicted functional potential analyses indicated high abundances of pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Overall, this study characterizes the spatial distribution patterns of microbial communities in a coastal seaweed mariculture ecosystem and provides important data to support further research on biogeochemical processes mediated by sediment bacteria and their response mechanisms to mariculture activities.

Marine fungi are pivotal components of coastal ecosystems, facilitating essential biogeochemical cycling and trophic dynamics. However, the complex mechanisms governing their spatiotemporal community patterns in tropical–subtropical coasts remain largely unexplored. In this study, we characterized marine fungal diversity across a comprehensive seasonal cycle (spring (March), summer (June), autumn (August), and winter (December)) at 21 representative sites along the Leizhou Peninsula, China. These sites were strategically selected to encompass a broad range of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) gradients. Fungal community composition was characterized via high-throughput sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region, followed by functional guild profiling using the FUNGuild database. A total of 8777 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were identified, encompassing a broad taxonomic breadth of 10 phyla and 358 genera. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Chytridiomycota emerged as the predominant phyla across all samples. Our results revealed significant spatiotemporal heterogeneities: seasonal succession fundamentally reshaped community composition, with DIN exerting its most pronounced influence during the winter. Furthermore, fungal functional structures exhibited distinctive clustering across regions defined by DIN enrichment levels. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed a highly modular and robust architecture, characterized by predominantly positive interactions and dense inter-taxon connectivity. These findings underscore the synergistic influence of temporal dynamics and DIN enrichment in shaping marine fungal community assembly and functional compositions. Our study provides critical baseline insights into the ecological resilience of coastal mycobiota in the South China Sea.

Harmful blooms of the haptophyte Phaeocystis globosa can substantially reshape surrounding microbial communities, with potential consequences for bloom dynamics and biogeochemical cycling. However, distributional breadth patterns across archaeal, bacterial, viral and eukaryotic groups, as well as their cross-domain co-occurrence patterns, remain poorly characterized. In this study, surface waters were collected from a P. globosa bloom-affected site (Tiaoshun Bridge, TS) and a non-bloom reference site (Jinshawan, JSW) in Zhanjiang Bay, China, and analyzed via shotgun metagenomic sequencing, sample-associated distributional breadth estimation, and FDR-corrected Spearman correlation network analysis. Chlorophyll a was markedly higher at TS than at JSW (49.53 vs. 9.93 μg·L⁻¹), consistent with greater P. globosa colony abundance (36 vs. 8 colonies·L⁻¹), confirming strong spatial heterogeneity in bloom intensity. The eukaryotic community at TS was dominated by Haptophyta and Phaeocystaceae, whereas Ascomycota, Bacillariophyta, Bacteroidota, and Nucleocytoviricota were enriched at JSW. Generalist taxa predominated among archaea and bacteria, whereas microbial eukaryotes exhibited stronger distributional specialization. The highly modular network was bacteria-dominated (87.3% of all nodes). Notably, under the specified thresholds, P. globosa showed only two significant positive associations, exclusively with two Pseudoalteromonas taxa. These findings indicate that bloom-associated microbial networks are structured primarily by bacterial covariation rather than by direct algal-centered linkages, and identify Pseudoalteromonas as candidate bloom-associated bacteria for future hypothesis testing.