Introduction and objectives: Heart failure (HF) is a major health problem that causes high mortality and hospitalization rates. This study aims to determine the HF prevalence rates in populations aged both ≥18 years and ≥50 years and to assess its association with cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in a primary care setting, with a population-based random sample of 6588 people aged 18.0–102.8 years. Crude and adjusted prevalence rates of HF were calculated. The associations of renal and cardiometabolic factors with HF were assessed in both populations using univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: The HF crude prevalence rates were 2.8% (95%CI: 2.4–3.2) in adults (≥18 years), and 4.6% (95%CI: 4.0–5.3) in the population aged ≥ 50 years, without significant differences between males and females in both populations. The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rates were 2.1% (male: 1.9%; female: 2.3%) in the overall adult population, and 4.5% (male: 4.2%; female: 4.8%) in the population aged ≥ 50 years, reaching 10.0% in the population aged ≥ 70 years. Atrial fibrillation, hypertension, low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, sedentary lifestyle, and diabetes were independently associated with HF in both populations. A total of 95.7% (95%CI: 92.7–98.6) of the population with HF had an elevated cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: This study reports that HF prevalence increases from 4.5% in the population over 50 years to 10% in the population over 70 years. The main clinical conditions that are HF-related are sedentary lifestyle, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, diabetes, low eGFR, stroke, and CHD.

Background and objectives: Arterial hypertension (HTN) is the leading preventable cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) and death from all causes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence rates of HTN diagnosed according to the threshold diagnostic criteria 130/80 mmHg and 140/90 mmHg, to compare blood pressure (BP) control, and to evaluate their associations with cardiovascular diseases and cardiometabolic and renal risk factors. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted in primary care with a population-based random sample: 6588 people aged 18.0–102.8 years. Crude and adjusted prevalence rates of HTN were calculated. BP control was compared in HTN patients with and without ASCVD or chronic kidney disease (CKD). Their associations with cardiovascular diseases and cardiometabolic and renal factors were assessed using bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: Adjusted prevalence rates of HTN diagnosed according to 140/90 and 130/90 criteria were 30.9% (32.9% male; 29.7% female) and 54.9% (63.2% male; 49.3% female), respectively. BP < 130/80 mmHg was achieved in 60.5% of HTN patients without ASCVD or CKD according to 140/90 criterion, and 65.5% according to 130/80 criterion. This BP-control was achieved in 70% of HTN patients with ASCVD and 71% with CKD, according to both criteria. Coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, atrial fibrillation, stroke, diabetes, prediabetes, low glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), hyperuricemia, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, overweight, and increased waist-to-height ratio were independently associated with HTN according to both criteria. Conclusions: Almost a third of the adult population has HTN according to the 140/90 criterion, and more than half according to the 130/90 criterion, with a higher prevalence in men. The main clinical conditions associated with HTN were heart failure, diabetes, CHD, low eGFR, and obesity.

Background: Scientific societies disagree on serum uric acid (SUA) thresholds for the diagnosis of hyperuricaemia (HU) according to epidemiological or physiochemical criteria (SUA ≥ 7.0 mg/dL for men and ≥6.0 mg/dL for women [HU-7/6]; SUA ≥ 7.0 mg/dL for both genders [HU-7/7], respectively). HU is not included among the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome or cardiovascular-renal-metabolic syndrome (CKM), although it promotes atherosclerosis and is associated with renal and cardiometabolic diseases. Both issues are of utmost importance and need to be clarified, hence the present study aims to assess the prevalence rates of HU and their associations with CKM factors. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on a random population-based sample of 6489 adults. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed on the most well-known renal and cardiometabolic variables of the populations with and without HU-7/7 and HU-7/6. Results: The adjusted prevalence rates for HU-7/6 were 13.4% in adult population (18.4% in men; 9.6% in women) and 10.2% (18.4% in men; 3.8% in women) for HU-7/7. The main factors associated independently with HU for both genders were low estimated glomerular filtration rate, hypertension, hypertriglyceridaemia, and alcoholism, regardless of the criteria chosen, as well as albuminuria in women and central obesity in men. Conclusions: The prevalence rates of HU increase linearly with age for both genders. The associations of CKM factors with HU diagnosed according to physiochemical criterion are more similar between men and women than those using epidemiological criteria.

Background/Objectives: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a highly prevalent entity defined according to cardiometabolic criteria. Other disorders related to MetS could help assess the comprehensive risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to update the prevalence rates of MetS and to assess its relationship with other disorders and clinical conditions other than the criteria defining MetS. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with a random population-based sample of 6588 study subjects between 18 and 102 years of age. Crude and sex- and age-adjusted prevalence rates of MetS were calculated, and their associations with comorbidities and clinical conditions other than their defining criteria were assessed by bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: The adjusted prevalence rates were 36.0% for MetS (39.8% in men; 33.5% in women), 21.5% for premorbid Mets, and 14.5% for morbid MetS. Considering only clinical conditions other than the criteria defining MetS, the independent disorders associated with premorbid MetS were hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, high levels of lipid accumulation product, high triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), high visceral adiposity index, high fatty liver index, and high waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), highlighting excess adiposity (EA). The independent disorders associated with morbid MetS were hypercholesterolaemia, high-WtHR, EA, high-TyG index, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, CKD, and albuminuria, highlighting hypertension. Conclusions: One-fifth of the adult population has premorbid MetS, and almost one-sixth has morbid MetS. Almost two-fifths of people with MetS are at moderate, high, or very high risk of CKD, and four-fifths are at high or very high cardiovascular risk. In addition to the criteria defining MetS, other cardiovascular-renal-metabolic disorders show an independent association with MetS, highlighting EA for premorbid MetS and hypertension for morbid MetS.

Background and Objectives: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent arrhythmia and the main cause of hospital admissions for cardioembolic stroke. The SIMETAP research project aims to update the prevalence rates of cardiovascular, renal, or metabolic factors and to evaluate their respective associations with factors that could be related. The present study aims to assess the AF prevalence rates in an adult population and its association with cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) factors. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in a primary care setting, with a population-based random sample of 6588 people aged 18.0–102.8 years. Crude and adjusted prevalence rates of AF were calculated. The associations of CKM factors with AF were assessed using bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rates of AF were 2.9% in the overall adult population, 6.1% in the population aged ≥50 years, and 12.9% in the population aged ≥70 years, with no significant differences by sex. AF prevalence in the population under 50 years of age barely reached 1‰. Heart failure (HF), hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD), stroke, low HDL-cholesterol, and prediabetes were independent CKM factors associated with AF in the overall population, as were the same factors, except prediabetes, in the population ≥50 years old (p < 0.001). High or very high vascular risk was present in 92.4% [95% CI: 89.1–95.7]) of the population with AF. Conclusions: The adjusted prevalence rate of AF in the population aged 50 years or older was 6.1%, twice that of the overall adult population and half that of the population aged 70 years or older. The main independent CKM factors associated with AF were HF, stroke, CKD, hypertension, and low HDL-cholesterol.

Background/Objectives: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVDs) remain the leading cause of morbimortality worldwide. The objectives of this study were to update the prevalence rates of ASCVDs and to evaluate their relationship with cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) disorders. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included 6588 adults selected through a simple random population-based sample from the Health Service database of the Madrid Region (Spain). Adjusted prevalence rates were calculated by the direct method, according to Spanish population data from the National Institute of Statistics. The relationships of CKM disorders with coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and ASCVD were assessed by bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results: The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rates among overall adults with CHD, stroke, PAD, and ASCVD were 3.8%, 3.0%, 1.8%, and 7.3%, respectively, and they reached 5.6%, 4.4%, 2.6%, and 10.8%, respectively, among people aged 40 years and older. The prevalence rates were higher in men than women aged over 40 years for CHD and ASCVD, between 50 and 69 years for stroke, and aged over 60 years for PAD. The mean ages of women and men with ASCVD were 74.9 and 70.2 years, respectively. Hypertension, heart failure (HF), hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, low eGFR, atrial fibrillation (AF), prediabetes, and low HDL-c were independently associated with ASCVD, highlighting hypertension and HF for all of them, in addition to hypercholesterolaemia for CHD and stroke, and specifically, AF for stroke. Conclusions: More than one in ten people aged over 40 suffer from CHD, stroke, or PAD. Hypertension, HF, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, and low eGFR are the major CKM disorders associated with ASCVD.