Research and Development (R&D) based economic sustainability is the prime area of concern in endogenous growth framework to solve the problem of production inefficiency for attaining the economic stability. The high Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth can be attained through green technology, reverse engineering, ‘learning by doing’ and artificial intelligence. The foreign and domestic green R&D innovation adoption and its spillovers are relying on producers’ willingness to opt the green financing practices and knowledge capital. The current research aims to address a critical literature gap by exploring the intricate linkages between green R&D spillovers, innovation, and green productivity growth in Pakistan. It investigates the mechanisms through which long-term R&D spillovers foster sustainable green growth, while distinguishing the relative impact of domestic and foreign spillovers on green innovation adoption. Further, the study quantifies the absorptive capacity of Pakistan’s work force and outlines pathways to enhance labor efficiency for advancing sustainable development. The time series data covering the period of 1972 to 2022 is used for the quantitative analysis. The Translog and Cobb Douglas Production Functions are used to measure the TFP growth and Autoregressive Distributive Lagged (ARDL) Model is applied for empirical analysis. The results indicate presence of foreign and domestic R&D innovation spillovers and adoption in Pakistan with poor absorptive ability. Moreover, it is observed that foreign R&D spillovers have an affirmative role in TFP growth as compared to domestic R&D. Based on the empirical findings, government should focus on sustainable policies related to local R&D, R&D spillovers with sufficient and sustainable R&D expenditures, their availability and accessibility of innovation to boost the resource efficacy for higher TFP growth. In the similar vein, the implementation of extension services to educate the laborers for adoption of innovation, innovative technology, and artificial intelligence (AI) to attain sustainable productivity should also be emphasized.

Sustainable entrepreneurship has emerged as a vibrant domain within the field of entrepreneurship, especially in recognition of ecological issues, entrepreneurship is a solution to environmental problems now a day. Substantial studies have been conducted to understand the phenomena of sustainable entrepreneurship. This review aims to provide theoretical basis for understanding scholarly thoughts, which highlights some key determinants of sustainable entrepreneurial intentions. Based on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Ajzen, 1991) and Shapero’s (1982), Entrepreneurial event model (EEM), this review analyzes literature and discusses the main antecedent, which elaborates our collective understanding about the nature of sustainable entrepreneurial intentions. The review critically discusses the dominant approaches which foster the research on sustainable entrepreneurship in theory and practice.

Green financial innovations have the potential for mobilizing financial resources towards environmental and inclusive sustainable development. Green financial innovation includes green bonds, climate resilient financial products, fintech-based environmental, social, and governance platforms. These platforms facilitate the allocation of capital towards green and sustainable investment, which provisions the transition to promote environmentally sustainable practices and sustainable economic development (SED). The financial development and access to financial services contribute to improving resource allocation, mobilizing savings, facilitating investment, and expanding access to financial opportunities. Since the emerging economies are facing the dual challenge of environmental pressures and SED, the fundamental objective of this research is to explore the role of green financial innovation, financial development, information, and communication technology (ICT and renewable energy consumption (REC) on SED in selected emerging economies. This study concentrated on panel data ranging from 1990 to 2022 to investigate sustainable economic development in selected countries. The Generalized Method of Movements (GMM) is used for empirical analysis as it provides remedial measure for presence of serial correlation and endogeneity. Based on empirics, green financial innovation has positive and significant effect on SED in emerging countries. Moreover, it is observed that financial development, REC, ICT, international tourism, trade openness, and foreign direct investment exert positive and significant impact on SED. However, this research identified that natural resource abundance and aging population dependency variables have negative and significant effect on SED. Concluding, this research suggested that financial institutions should devised regulatory frameworks and hybrid models to support green finance through innovative financial products, digital banking, fintech solutions, and services. Likewise, central banks should prioritize strategies that enhance financial development, increase the availability of green financial resources, and ensure efficient mechanisms for directing capital towards renewable tech-driven industries.