Heat stress (HS) is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting the production and quality of wheat. Rising temperatures are particularly threatening to wheat production. A detailed overview of morpho-physio-biochemical responses of wheat to HS is critical to identify various tolerance mechanisms and their use in identifying strategies to safeguard wheat production under changing climates. The development of thermotolerant wheat cultivars using conventional or molecular breeding and transgenic approaches is promising. Over the last decade, different omics approaches have revolutionized the way plant breeders and biotechnologists investigate underlying stress tolerance mechanisms and cellular homeostasis. Therefore, developing genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics data sets and a deeper understanding of HS tolerance mechanisms of different wheat cultivars are needed. The most reliable method to improve plant resilience to HS must include agronomic management strategies, such as the adoption of climate-smart cultivation practices and use of osmoprotectants and cultured soil microbes. However, looking at the complex nature of HS, the adoption of a holistic approach integrating outcomes of breeding, physiological, agronomical, and biotechnological options is required. Our review aims to provide insights concerning morpho-physiological and molecular impacts, tolerance mechanisms, and adaptation strategies of HS in wheat. This review will help scientific communities in the identification, development, and promotion of thermotolerant wheat cultivars and management strategies to minimize negative impacts of HS.

Potatoes are cultivated in several states of India. Potatoes provides a low-cost energy in human diet. Potatoes are used in industry for making dried food products. Early blight and Late blight are major disease of potato leaf. It is estimated that the major loss occurred in potato yield due to these diseases. In this research, we have collected sample of potato leaf images from Plant Village dataset. This dataset contains 2152 images of potato leaf. It has 3 class of sample of Healthy Leaf, Early Blight and Late Blight. The 76 features are extracted from these images regarding color, texture and area. The extracted features are used to develop a classifier. The developed classifier is based on neural network for prediction and classification of potato image samples. The Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN) Model is used for prediction and classification of unknown leaf. The accuracy of model is achieved 96.5%. Classifier is helpful in early and accurate prediction of the leaf diseases of potato crop.

An experiment was conducted to study the impact of differential physiological and biochemical indicators on salinity tolerance in wheat. Wheat cultivars Raj-3777 (salinity tolerant) and HD-2687 (salinity susceptible but widely cultivable) were grown in ceramic pots and filled with 15 kg soil mixed with recommended doses of manures and fertilizers. Seeds were sown in normal water and saline water was applied after the plant establishment. Saline water of electrical conductivity (EC) 0 (tap water), 4, 8 and 12 dSm^–1 were prepared by mixing chloride and sodium salts in 3 : 1 ratio using NaCl, Na₂SO₄, CaCl₂ and MgCl₂ and applied to plants as and when required to maintain the desired level of salinity. The result showed that the tolerant cultivar Raj-3777 exhibited a different pattern of responses compared to HD-2687 for most of the recorded parameters. Inhibition in photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were lesser in Raj-3777 compared to HD-2687. The chlorophyll content, relative water content, cell membrane stability and protein content were higher in the leaves of tolerant cultivar under saline conditions. It exhibited higher sodium accumulation in root via managing restricted translocation of sodium on the cost of potassium. Thus, the potassium content was recorded higher in leaves than roots. The inhibition of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR), ornithine-δ-aminotransferase (OAT) and proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) activities were recorded higher in the tolerant cultivar. The study envisaged that the lesser reduction in net photosynthetic rate, lower electrolyte leakage, maintenance of higher leaf water status, retention of chlorophyll and high potassium content in leaves on the cost of low sodium transportation from roots might be the potential indicators for selection of salt-tolerant wheat cultivars, which can be used for its improvement through transgenic approaches. The observed negative relationship between the amount of proline accumulation and the level of salt tolerance did not support the widely advocated role of proline as an osmoprotectant under salt stress.