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Prof. Dr. Zbigniew Bartczak
Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90–363 Łódz (Poland)

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Polymer Blends
0 Plastic deformation
0 Mechanical properties and fracture behaviour
0 Orientation of polymers
0 Polymer and polymer composites

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Plastic deformation
Mechanical properties and fracture behaviour
Polymer Blends

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Short Biography

Scientific career: 1980 – MSc Eng.(solid state physics), Technical University, Lodz, Poland 1988 – PhD, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies 2006 – DSc (habilitation), Centre of Molec. and Macromolec. Studies 2007 – Associate Professor, Centre of Molec. and Macromolec. Studies 2014 – Professor (title conferred by President of the Republic of Poland) Foreign laboratories: MIT, Cambridge, MA (USA) - 1988-91, 1996-97 Institute of Technology and Rheology of Polymers, CNR, Arco Felice (Italy) - 1984-1996 (5 months) Centre of Studies of Multiphase and Biocompatible Macromolecular Materials, CNR, Pisa (Italy) - 1986-2008 (4 months) Current research area: structure and properties of crystalline polymers plastic deformation and orientation of polymeric materials polymer blends and composites crystallization of polymers.

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Journal article
Published: 26 September 2020 in Polymers
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Deformation instabilities, such as microbuckling or lamellar fragmentation due to slip localization, play a very important role in the deformation of semicrystalline polymers, although it still not well explored. Such instabilities often appear necessary to modify the deformation path and facilitate strain accommodation in an energy-minimizing manner. In this work, microbuckling instability was investigated using partially oriented, injection-molded (IM) samples of high-density polyethylene, deformed by a plane-strain compression. Deformed samples were probed by SEM, X-ray (small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering: SAXS, WAXS), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found that microbuckling instability, followed quickly by the formation of lamellar kinks, occurred in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) at a true strain of about e = 0.3–0.4, mainly in those lamellar stacks which were initially oriented parallel to the compression direction. This phenomenon was observed with scanning electron microscopy, especially in the oriented skin layers of IM specimens, where a chevron morphology resulting from lamellae microbuckling/kinking was evidenced. Macroscopically, this instability manifested as the so-called “second macroscopic yield” in the form of a hump in the true stress–true strain curve. Microbuckling instability can have a profound effect on the subsequent stages of the deformation process, as well as the resulting structure. This is particularly important in deforming well-oriented lamellar structures—e.g., in drawing pre-oriented films of a semicrystalline polymer, a process commonly used in many technologies.

ACS Style

Zbigniew Bartczak; Alina Vozniak. Microbuckling Instability and the Second Yield during the Deformation of Semicrystalline Polyethylene. Polymers 2020, 12, 2208 .

AMA Style

Zbigniew Bartczak, Alina Vozniak. Microbuckling Instability and the Second Yield during the Deformation of Semicrystalline Polyethylene. Polymers. 2020; 12 (10):2208.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Bartczak; Alina Vozniak. 2020. "Microbuckling Instability and the Second Yield during the Deformation of Semicrystalline Polyethylene." Polymers 12, no. 10: 2208.

Research article
Published: 17 July 2020 in Macromolecules
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The structure, morphology, and mechanical properties of two compression-molded grades of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and, for comparison, one conventional linear polyethylene (HDPE) were studied. Compression molding resulted in some preferred orientation of lamellae in the compression direction in UHMWPE samples, while no preferred orientation in HDPE. The mean crystal thickness estimated from the size distribution agrees better with those obtained from small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and mechanical yield data than the thickness determined from the melting peak temperature. Microscopic examination of microtomed and etched UHMWPE samples showed that the lamellae are in the form of platelets with the width and length in the range of 300–700 nm. The lamellae radiate from primary nuclei forming small embryonal spherulites; their radial growth ends at 0.3–0.7 μm from the center. There is no evidence of branching and secondary nucleation from those primary lamellae. Because the lamellae are radially ordered, there is no parallel stacking of lamellae. Samples were subjected to deformation by plane-strain compression at a constant true strain rate. In axial UHMWPE samples, where lamellae were preferentially oriented along the loading direction, the second yield was clearly observed. The second yield was found to be related to the deformation instability leading to kinking of lamellae oriented initially along the loading direction. Kinking was clearly shown by SAXS and microscopic observation of microtomed and etched samples. No cooperativity of kinking was observed because the lamellae are arranged in small spherulites and not parallel in stacks. The stress–strain curves were fitted with model curves assuming crystal plasticity and network elasticity in the amorphous component. The effective density of the molecular network within the amorphous phase depended on the molecular weight of UHMWPE.

ACS Style

Andrzej Galeski; Zbigniew Bartczak; Alina Vozniak; Andrzej Pawlak; Rainer Walkenhorst. Morphology and Plastic Yielding of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene. Macromolecules 2020, 53, 6063 -6077.

AMA Style

Andrzej Galeski, Zbigniew Bartczak, Alina Vozniak, Andrzej Pawlak, Rainer Walkenhorst. Morphology and Plastic Yielding of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene. Macromolecules. 2020; 53 (14):6063-6077.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrzej Galeski; Zbigniew Bartczak; Alina Vozniak; Andrzej Pawlak; Rainer Walkenhorst. 2020. "Morphology and Plastic Yielding of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene." Macromolecules 53, no. 14: 6063-6077.

Journal article
Published: 28 November 2019 in Polymers
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The effect of the topology of the amorphous phase and phase interconnectivity on the stability of the deformation of semicrystalline polyethylene was investigated. The chain topology was modified by crosslinking the samples with electron beam irradiation. The samples were deformed by plane-strain compression, while the accompanying structural changes were monitored with X-ray and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). At the true strain around of e = 0.3, the lamellar stacks parallel to the loading direction experienced microbuckling instability, which shortly led to the cooperative kinking of lamellae. Macroscopically, this showed up as the ‘second yield.’ Buckling is driven by the different stiffness levels of the hard and soft layers and their strong connectivity—for given layer thickness, the critical strain for buckling appeared proportional to the stiffness of the amorphous phase. Above e = 1.0, lamellae fragmentation was observed. This resulted from the localization of crystallographic slip, which was triggered by stress concentrations generated at lamellae faces by taut ‘stress transmitter’ (ST) chains. Accordingly, the fragmentation was found to be dependent on the surface fraction of STs at the amorphous-crystal interface: a low concentration of STs resulted in fewer but stronger stress concentrations, which led to earlier slip localization, followed quickly by lamellae fragmentation. The observed instabilities, either lamellae kinking or fragmentation, profoundly influenced the deformation process as well as the resultant structure. Both phenomena relieved much of the structural constraints imposed on deforming lamellae and make further strain accommodation easier.

ACS Style

Zbigniew Bartczak; Alina Vozniak. Deformation Instabilities and Lamellae Fragmentation during Deformation of Cross-linked Polyethylene. Polymers 2019, 11, 1954 .

AMA Style

Zbigniew Bartczak, Alina Vozniak. Deformation Instabilities and Lamellae Fragmentation during Deformation of Cross-linked Polyethylene. Polymers. 2019; 11 (12):1954.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Bartczak; Alina Vozniak. 2019. "Deformation Instabilities and Lamellae Fragmentation during Deformation of Cross-linked Polyethylene." Polymers 11, no. 12: 1954.

Journal article
Published: 02 June 2019 in Polymer
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The influence of the topology of the amorphous phase on deformation instabilities, leading to kinking and to fragmentation of lamellae is discussed. Samples of polyethylene of diverse structure were deformed in the plane-strain compression. The accompanying structural changes were analyzed using DSC, WAXS and SAXS. Several deformation instabilities occur at various true strains. At e = 0.3–0.4 lamellae oriented specifically along the loading direction undergo microbuckling instability, leading to cooperative kinking. This transition manifests as the second macroscopic yield. For a given layers stiffness the microbuckling depends on the ratio of the amorphous and crystalline thickness. At e = 0.6–1.0 the lamellae fragmentation due to the localization of crystallographic slip was observed, relatively weak at e = 0.6, but extensive at e = 1. Fragmentation is initiated by stress concentrations at the crystal-amorphous interface due to stretched ‘stress transmitter’ chains ST. Consequently, the critical strain of fragmentation depends inversely on the ST fraction at the interface – when it is low the stress concentrations grow stronger, prompting an earlier slip localization and subsequent lamellae fragmentation. Extensive fragmentation reduces deformation constraints and allows the formation of a new crystal ordering along the flow direction.

ACS Style

Zbigniew Bartczak; Alina Vozniak. WAXS/SAXS study of plastic deformation instabilities and lamellae fragmentation in polyethylene. Polymer 2019, 177, 160 -177.

AMA Style

Zbigniew Bartczak, Alina Vozniak. WAXS/SAXS study of plastic deformation instabilities and lamellae fragmentation in polyethylene. Polymer. 2019; 177 ():160-177.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Bartczak; Alina Vozniak. 2019. "WAXS/SAXS study of plastic deformation instabilities and lamellae fragmentation in polyethylene." Polymer 177, no. : 160-177.

Journal article
Published: 05 April 2019 in Crystals
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The deformation-induced crystalline texture of isotactic poly-1-butene and its random copolymers with ethylene, developing during plane-strain compression and uniaxial tension, was investigated with X-Ray pole figures, supported by small-angle scattering (SAXS) and thermal analysis (DSC). The crystallographic (100)[001] chain slip was identified as the primary deformation mechanism, active in both compression and tension, supported by the transverse slip system and interlamellar shear. At the true strain around 0.8, lamellae fragmentation and partial destruction of the crystalline phase due to slip localization was observed, much heavier in tension than in plane-strain compression. That fragmentation brought an acceleration of the slip, which ultimately led to a common fiber texture in tensile samples, with the chain direction oriented preferentially along the drawing (flow) direction. Slightly more complicated crystal texture, reflecting triaxiality of the stress field, still with the chain direction preferentially oriented near the flow direction, was observed in compression. Additional deformation mechanism was observed at low strain in the plane-strain compression, which was either interlamellar shear operating in amorphous layers and supported by crystallographic slips or the simultaneous (110)[110] transverse slip operating on a pair of (110) planes. It was concluded that deformation proceeded similarly in both studied deformation modes, with practically the same deformation mechanisms engaged. Then, the plane-strain compression, proceeding homogeneously and preventing cavitation, seems more suitable for studies of the real deformation behavior, not obscured by any unwanted side-effects.

ACS Style

Zbigniew Bartczak; Magdalena Grala; Alina Vozniak. Deformation Mechanisms of Isotactic Poly-1-Butene and Its Copolymers Deformed by Plane-Strain Compression and Tension. Crystals 2019, 9, 194 .

AMA Style

Zbigniew Bartczak, Magdalena Grala, Alina Vozniak. Deformation Mechanisms of Isotactic Poly-1-Butene and Its Copolymers Deformed by Plane-Strain Compression and Tension. Crystals. 2019; 9 (4):194.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Bartczak; Magdalena Grala; Alina Vozniak. 2019. "Deformation Mechanisms of Isotactic Poly-1-Butene and Its Copolymers Deformed by Plane-Strain Compression and Tension." Crystals 9, no. 4: 194.

Conference paper
Published: 11 July 2018 in 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “TIMES OF POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES”: From Aerospace to Nanotechnology
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A method of evaluation of the molecular network parameters, including concentration of stress transmitters (molecular elements in amorphous phase that can transfer a load between neighbouring lamellae) was examined for several polyethylenes of various chain length and architecture. The parameters were derived from the elastic residual stress left in compressed material after arresting the strain. A deep influence of both molecular weight and chain architecture on network properties was found. The method allowed determining stress transmitters concentration quite precisely in a relative simple experiment.

ACS Style

Zbigniew Bartczak. Evaluation of the molecular network in amorphous layers of polyethylene. 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “TIMES OF POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES”: From Aerospace to Nanotechnology 2018, 1981, 020163 .

AMA Style

Zbigniew Bartczak. Evaluation of the molecular network in amorphous layers of polyethylene. 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “TIMES OF POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES”: From Aerospace to Nanotechnology. 2018; 1981 (1):020163.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Bartczak. 2018. "Evaluation of the molecular network in amorphous layers of polyethylene." 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “TIMES OF POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES”: From Aerospace to Nanotechnology 1981, no. 1: 020163.

Journal article
Published: 18 April 2018 in Polymer Testing
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A method of evaluation of the molecular network density in semicrystalline polymers and the concentration of stress transmitters, i.e. the molecular elements transferring load between neighboring lamellae, is presented. It is based on measurements of the residual elastic stress left after arresting the strain. The network properties were derived on the ground of rubber elasticity. This approach was applied to several polyethylenes of different chain length and architecture. The molecular network in these materials was additionally altered by blending with low molecular wax or by annealing. For all samples, the stress transmitter concentration was estimated and compared with theoretical predictions, including the Huang-Brown model for tie molecules. It was found that both molecular weight and chain architecture deeply influence the network properties in solidified material since short and linear chains can disentangle relatively easy during crystallization, while large length and chain irregularities impede disentangling, which leads to higher network density. The chain architecture rather than chain length is a primary factor controlling the network properties. The method allowed determination of the concentration of stress transmitters quite precisely. This seems important for computer modeling and predicting the long-term performance of semicrystalline polymers.

ACS Style

Zbigniew Bartczak. Evaluation of effective density of the molecular network and concentration of the stress transmitters in amorphous layers of semicrystalline polyethylene. Polymer Testing 2018, 68, 261 -269.

AMA Style

Zbigniew Bartczak. Evaluation of effective density of the molecular network and concentration of the stress transmitters in amorphous layers of semicrystalline polyethylene. Polymer Testing. 2018; 68 ():261-269.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Bartczak. 2018. "Evaluation of effective density of the molecular network and concentration of the stress transmitters in amorphous layers of semicrystalline polyethylene." Polymer Testing 68, no. : 261-269.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Polimery
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ACS Style

Zbigniew Bartczak. Deformation of semicrystalline polymers – the contribution of crystalline and amorphous phases. Polimery 2017, 62, 787 -799.

AMA Style

Zbigniew Bartczak. Deformation of semicrystalline polymers – the contribution of crystalline and amorphous phases. Polimery. 2017; 62 (11):787-799.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Bartczak. 2017. "Deformation of semicrystalline polymers – the contribution of crystalline and amorphous phases." Polimery 62, no. 11: 787-799.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2016 in Polymer
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Samples of linear polyethylene, neat and crosslinked by irradiation with electron beam, were subjected to heavy plastic deformation by plane-strain compression up to the true strain exceeding 2 (deformation ratio λ > 8) at room temperature. Structural studies of deformed samples and investigation of long-term strain recovery demonstrated that the deformation of the neat, non-crosslinked HDPE is completely reversible above the melting point of the crystalline phase, provided that the applied true strain does not exceed e = 1.0 (λ = 2.7). At higher applied strains, e > 1, an irreversible deformation component emerged gradually, and at e = 2.1 (λ = 8.2), the permanent, truly irreversible, residual strain was approx. eres = 0.36 (λ = 1.4). In contrast, samples of crosslinked HDPE above Tm exhibited complete reversibility of deformation, irrespectively of an applied strain, and eres ≈ 0. The source of permanent irreversible strain component in neat HDPE is a deformation-induced partial destruction of the molecular network of entangled chains within amorphous interlamellar layers. The principal mechanism found was chain disentanglement, which was supplemented by a very limited chain scission. In the case of crosslinked materials, the dense and relatively homogeneous molecular network appeared robust enough to avoid any damage. Consequently, the strain appeared here fully reversible upon melting of crystalline phase

ACS Style

Zbigniew Bartczak; Magdalena Grala; Emmanuel Richaud; Krystyna Gadzinowska. Erosion of the molecular network in the amorphous layers of polyethylene upon high- strain deformation. Polymer 2016, 99, 552 -565.

AMA Style

Zbigniew Bartczak, Magdalena Grala, Emmanuel Richaud, Krystyna Gadzinowska. Erosion of the molecular network in the amorphous layers of polyethylene upon high- strain deformation. Polymer. 2016; 99 ():552-565.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Bartczak; Magdalena Grala; Emmanuel Richaud; Krystyna Gadzinowska. 2016. "Erosion of the molecular network in the amorphous layers of polyethylene upon high- strain deformation." Polymer 99, no. : 552-565.

Journal article
Published: 21 June 2016 in Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering
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ACS Style

Zbigniew Bartczak; Magdalena Grala. Toughening of Semicrystalline and Amorphous Polylactide with Atactic Polyhydroxybutyrate. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 2016, 56, 29 -43.

AMA Style

Zbigniew Bartczak, Magdalena Grala. Toughening of Semicrystalline and Amorphous Polylactide with Atactic Polyhydroxybutyrate. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering. 2016; 56 (1):29-43.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Bartczak; Magdalena Grala. 2016. "Toughening of Semicrystalline and Amorphous Polylactide with Atactic Polyhydroxybutyrate." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 56, no. 1: 29-43.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2016 in Materials Science and Engineering: C
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Chitin dihexanoate (DHCH) is the novel biocompatible and technologically friendly highly substituted chitin diester. Here we described optimization of DHCH and chitin dibutyrate (dibutyryl chitin, DBC) synthesis conditions (temperature and reaction time) to obtain desired polymers with high reaction yield, high substitution degree (close to 2) and appropriately high molecular weights. A two-step procedure, employing acidic anhydrides (hexanoic or butyric anhydride) as the acylation agent and methanesulfonic acid both as the catalyst and the reaction medium, was applied. Chemical structures of DBC and DHCH were confirmed by NMR ((1)H and (13)C) and IR investigations. Mechanical properties, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and biocompatibility (Neutral red uptake assay, Skin Sensitization and Irritation Tests) were assessed. Both polymers proved highly biocompatible (non-cytotoxic in vitro, non-irritating and non-allergic to skin) and soluble in several organic solvents (dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, ethanol and others). It is worth emphasizing that DHCH and DBC can be easily processed by solvent casting method and the salt-leaching method, what gives the opportunity to prepare highly porous structures, which can be further successfully applied as the material for wound dressings and scaffolds for tissue engineering.

ACS Style

Karolina Skołucka-Szary; Aleksandra Ramięga; Wanda Piaskowska; Bartosz Janicki; Magdalena Grala; Piotr Rieske; Zbigniew Bartczak; Sylwester Piaskowski. Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of chitin dihexanoate — A new biocompatible chitin derivative — In comparison to chitin dibutyrate. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2016, 60, 489 -502.

AMA Style

Karolina Skołucka-Szary, Aleksandra Ramięga, Wanda Piaskowska, Bartosz Janicki, Magdalena Grala, Piotr Rieske, Zbigniew Bartczak, Sylwester Piaskowski. Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of chitin dihexanoate — A new biocompatible chitin derivative — In comparison to chitin dibutyrate. Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2016; 60 ():489-502.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karolina Skołucka-Szary; Aleksandra Ramięga; Wanda Piaskowska; Bartosz Janicki; Magdalena Grala; Piotr Rieske; Zbigniew Bartczak; Sylwester Piaskowski. 2016. "Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of chitin dihexanoate — A new biocompatible chitin derivative — In comparison to chitin dibutyrate." Materials Science and Engineering: C 60, no. : 489-502.

Journal article
Published: 13 January 2016 in Journal of Polymer Research
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The isotactic polypropylene – modified silica (iPP/SiO2) hybrid nanocomposites, obtained by grafting polypropylene chains on amine-functionalized silica particles during reactive blending, were studied. It was found that use of amine-functionalized silica and PP-g-MA as a compatibilizer improved dispersion of nanoparticles. Nanosilica, especially surface-modified, revealed some nucleation activity towards iPP, manifesting in an increase of the crystallization temperature and reduction of spherulite size. iPP/silica nanocomposites exhibit highly improved thermo-oxidative stability, due to formation of a silica protective layer, limiting the polymer volatilization rate. Nanocomposites demonstrate enhanced stiffness and strength, but at higher silica content the ductility is nearly lost due to presence of big agglomerates, acting as critical-sized structural flaws. At low silica concentrations dispersion was improved and big agglomerates were not observed. Consequently, iPP/PP-g-MA/am-SiO2 nanocomposites with low silica content demonstrate high ductility and enhanced impact resistance, related to reinforcing effect of well dispersed silica particles.

ACS Style

Magdalena Grala; Zbigniew Bartczak; Artur Rozanski. Morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of polypropylene/SiO2 nanocomposites obtained by reactive blending. Journal of Polymer Research 2016, 23, 1 -19.

AMA Style

Magdalena Grala, Zbigniew Bartczak, Artur Rozanski. Morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of polypropylene/SiO2 nanocomposites obtained by reactive blending. Journal of Polymer Research. 2016; 23 (2):1-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magdalena Grala; Zbigniew Bartczak; Artur Rozanski. 2016. "Morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of polypropylene/SiO2 nanocomposites obtained by reactive blending." Journal of Polymer Research 23, no. 2: 1-19.

Journal article
Published: 08 December 2014 in Polymer Engineering & Science
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ACS Style

Magdalena Grala; Zbigniew Bartczak. Morphology and mechanical properties of high density polyethylene-POSS hybrid nanocomposites obtained by reactive blending. Polymer Engineering & Science 2014, 55, 2058 -2072.

AMA Style

Magdalena Grala, Zbigniew Bartczak. Morphology and mechanical properties of high density polyethylene-POSS hybrid nanocomposites obtained by reactive blending. Polymer Engineering & Science. 2014; 55 (9):2058-2072.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magdalena Grala; Zbigniew Bartczak. 2014. "Morphology and mechanical properties of high density polyethylene-POSS hybrid nanocomposites obtained by reactive blending." Polymer Engineering & Science 55, no. 9: 2058-2072.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2014 in European Polymer Journal
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ACS Style

Zbigniew Bartczak; Artur Rozanski; Jozef Richert. Characterization of clay platelet orientation in polylactide–montmorillonite nanocomposite films by X-ray pole figures. European Polymer Journal 2014, 61, 274 -284.

AMA Style

Zbigniew Bartczak, Artur Rozanski, Jozef Richert. Characterization of clay platelet orientation in polylactide–montmorillonite nanocomposite films by X-ray pole figures. European Polymer Journal. 2014; 61 ():274-284.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Bartczak; Artur Rozanski; Jozef Richert. 2014. "Characterization of clay platelet orientation in polylactide–montmorillonite nanocomposite films by X-ray pole figures." European Polymer Journal 61, no. : 274-284.

Book chapter
Published: 27 September 2014 in Polymer Blends Handbook
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Mechanical properties of polymer blends, including strength and toughness, are described in terms of morphology, resulting texture, and elementary deformation mechanisms and cavitation. Basic principles of toughening of blends based on glassy, crystalline, and thermoset polymers are described. Toughening strategies involving crazing, cavitation, crystal plasticity, and other micromechanisms involving energy dissipation are presented. Cavitation during deformation arising from mechanical mismatch between differently oriented stacks of lamellae in a semicrystalline polymer, decohesion at interfaces, as well as internal rubber cavitation contribute to the toughness by activation of other mechanisms of plastic deformation of the surrounding matter. Internal cavitation, although augmenting the toughness, greatly reduces the strength of the material. Micromechanisms that are engaged in rubber-toughened blends were characterized with significant attention. Matrix and dispersed-phase properties, as well as interfacial effects, were considered in the interpretation of structure–property relationship for incompatible and partially compatible polymer blends. The dispersion of the second component of the blend and its influence on stress concentrations around inclusions were discussed. The concept of easy deformation paths connected with interparticle distances and shear orientation was considered.

ACS Style

Z. Bartczak; A. Galeski. Mechanical Properties of Polymer Blends. Polymer Blends Handbook 2014, 1203 -1297.

AMA Style

Z. Bartczak, A. Galeski. Mechanical Properties of Polymer Blends. Polymer Blends Handbook. 2014; ():1203-1297.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Z. Bartczak; A. Galeski. 2014. "Mechanical Properties of Polymer Blends." Polymer Blends Handbook , no. : 1203-1297.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2013 in European Polymer Journal
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ACS Style

Zbigniew Bartczak; Andrzej Galeski; Marek Kowalczuk; Michal Sobota; Rafal Malinowski. Tough blends of poly(lactide) and amorphous poly([R,S]-3-hydroxy butyrate) – morphology and properties. European Polymer Journal 2013, 49, 3630 -3641.

AMA Style

Zbigniew Bartczak, Andrzej Galeski, Marek Kowalczuk, Michal Sobota, Rafal Malinowski. Tough blends of poly(lactide) and amorphous poly([R,S]-3-hydroxy butyrate) – morphology and properties. European Polymer Journal. 2013; 49 (11):3630-3641.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Bartczak; Andrzej Galeski; Marek Kowalczuk; Michal Sobota; Rafal Malinowski. 2013. "Tough blends of poly(lactide) and amorphous poly([R,S]-3-hydroxy butyrate) – morphology and properties." European Polymer Journal 49, no. 11: 3630-3641.

Journal article
Published: 25 April 2013 in Polymer Composites
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ACS Style

M. Grala; Zbigniew Bartczak; Mariano Pracella. Morphology and mechanical properties of polypropylene-POSS hybrid nanocomposites obtained by reactive blending. Polymer Composites 2013, 34, 929 -941.

AMA Style

M. Grala, Zbigniew Bartczak, Mariano Pracella. Morphology and mechanical properties of polypropylene-POSS hybrid nanocomposites obtained by reactive blending. Polymer Composites. 2013; 34 (6):929-941.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Grala; Zbigniew Bartczak; Mariano Pracella. 2013. "Morphology and mechanical properties of polypropylene-POSS hybrid nanocomposites obtained by reactive blending." Polymer Composites 34, no. 6: 929-941.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2012 in European Polymer Journal
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ACS Style

Zbigniew Bartczak. Effect of the molecular network on high-strain compression of cross-linked polyethylene. European Polymer Journal 2012, 48, 2019 -2030.

AMA Style

Zbigniew Bartczak. Effect of the molecular network on high-strain compression of cross-linked polyethylene. European Polymer Journal. 2012; 48 (12):2019-2030.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Bartczak. 2012. "Effect of the molecular network on high-strain compression of cross-linked polyethylene." European Polymer Journal 48, no. 12: 2019-2030.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2012 in Journal of Polymer Science
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Thermodynamic characteristics such as mechanical work Wdef and heat Qdef of plastic deformation were measured at room temperature for several non‐oriented linear high and ultrahigh molecular mass polyethylenes (PEs). The characteristics were registered simultaneously at room temperature active uniaxial compressive loading in the strain interval εdef = 0–50% and rate 4 × 10−2 min−1. An isothermal Calvet‐type deformation calorimeter was used for the measurements. Changes of the internal energy ΔUdef stored by deformed samples were calculated from Wdef and Qdef according the first law of thermodynamics. It appears that all thermodynamic quantities linearly depends on degree of crystallinity χ = 0.5–0.9 (DSC) at conditions of the study. Such behavior of Wdef, Qdef, and ΔUdef had permitted an extrapolation of measured quantities to crystallinities χ = 0.0 (pure amorphous phase) and χ = 1.0 (pure crystalline phase) and determination of deformation thermodynamic characteristics for each of them. Both phases participate into Wdef. It appears that the work W, necessary to deform PE crystallites is considerably higher than W, the work necessary to deform the amorphous phase. At εdef ≤ 30% W is 3–4 times higher than W and about two times higher at higher strains. From W and W stress–strain curves for both phases of PE were withdrawn. Deformation heat of the amorphous phase Q is orders of magnitude lower than Q. It reflects the entropic nature of deformation of rubbery amorphous phase of PEs at low εdef. The Q originates from a friction during glide of dislocations trough crystallites. Interesting behavior shows the stored energy of cold work ΔUdef = f(χ). At strains εdef ≤ 30%, the stored energy ΔU is a little lower than ΔU. However, ΔU becomes higher than ΔU at εdef >30%. The ratio ΔUdef/Wdef = f(εdef) was constructed also. The ratio gives the fraction of Wdef, which is transformed into the stored energy of cold work ΔUdef at loading. Behavior of several materials: glassy polymers, PE, and crystalline metals were compared in terms of the ratio. At elastic process, the ratio ΔUdef/Wdef tends to unity for all the materials. Whole Wdef in this case is converted into ΔUdef. With εdef growth dissipative processes appear and deformation heat is evolved. The ratio tends to ΔUdef/Wdef < 1. Comparison of three mentioned above materials show, that critical stage of their deformation kinetics is nucleation of the inelastic strain carriers (dislocations in crystals, for example). Initiation is completed very early (at εdef ≤ εy, the yield strain) for crystalline metals and about 92–98% of the expended Wdef becomes converted into deformation heat at εdef ≥ εy. Plasticity proceeds differently in glassy polymers. Initiation stage continues in glasses for a high strain εdef level, usually higher than εy. The curve ΔUdef/Wdef = f(εdef) for PEs is located between curves characteristic for metals and glassy polymers. Initiation of PE plasticity becomes completed at εdef ≈ 10–20%. At εdef >30% the ratio does not depends on εdef and stay constant on the level 0.35–0.55 for different PEs. The nature of such saturation is not understood yet. Thermally stimulated recovery of residual strains εres stored in deformed and unloaded PEs at different εdef was measured also. The rate recovery curves dεres/dT show two separate peaks, one with maximum at Tm and the other with maximum much below Tm. Integration of both gives amount of εres accumulated in amorphous phase and crystallites of PE at different applied strains. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

ACS Style

Eduard Oleinik; Olga Salamatina; Sergey Rudnev; Zbigniew Bartczak; Andrzej Galeski. Plasticity of semicrystalline polyethylenes viewed through the prism of thermodynamics. Journal of Polymer Science 2012, 125, 4169 -4176.

AMA Style

Eduard Oleinik, Olga Salamatina, Sergey Rudnev, Zbigniew Bartczak, Andrzej Galeski. Plasticity of semicrystalline polyethylenes viewed through the prism of thermodynamics. Journal of Polymer Science. 2012; 125 (6):4169-4176.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduard Oleinik; Olga Salamatina; Sergey Rudnev; Zbigniew Bartczak; Andrzej Galeski. 2012. "Plasticity of semicrystalline polyethylenes viewed through the prism of thermodynamics." Journal of Polymer Science 125, no. 6: 4169-4176.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2012 in Journal of Applied Polymer Science
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Deformability of molten ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) was studied in the plane‐strain compression at the temperature from a range of 145–165°C. Two grades of UHMWPE were tested—a commercial one synthesized in a slurry process with conventional Ziegler‐Natta catalyst and the material polymerized in solution at low temperature using a homogeneous metallocene catalyst. These grades differ markedly in the initial concentration of chain entanglements in nascent powders. Specimens used for compression were produced either by compression molding or compaction of the nascent powders (sintering) at the temperature up to 130°C in order to obtain a set of samples with a range of chain entanglement concentration. Plane‐strain compression tests demonstrated a rubber‐like behavior and a good deformability of molten samples in the temperature range of 145–155°C. The ultimate true strain up to e = 3 was observed in samples prepared by compression molding, while for sintered samples of metallocene polymer it exceeded e = 4.3 (deformation ratio, λ > 74). At higher temperature of 165°C deformation became unstable. A strong correlation between topological structure of the melt and its deformation behavior was found: highly disentangled samples (from nascent powder of metallocene polymer) tend to deform to much higher strain than samples of lightly reduced concentration of chain entanglements (from nascent powder of commercial Z‐N polymer) or samples with entanglement density close to an equilibrium (prepared by compression molding), which demonstrated the lowest ultimate strain. The obtained results point out a new route of melt‐processing of UHMWPE nascent powders for fabrication of ultra‐strength fibers, alternative to the gel‐spinning technology. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

ACS Style

Zbigniew Bartczak; Petra F. M. Beris; Krzysztof Wasilewski; Andrzej Galeski; Piet J. Lemstra. Deformation of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene melt in the plane-strain compression. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2012, 125, 4155 -4168.

AMA Style

Zbigniew Bartczak, Petra F. M. Beris, Krzysztof Wasilewski, Andrzej Galeski, Piet J. Lemstra. Deformation of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene melt in the plane-strain compression. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2012; 125 (6):4155-4168.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Bartczak; Petra F. M. Beris; Krzysztof Wasilewski; Andrzej Galeski; Piet J. Lemstra. 2012. "Deformation of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene melt in the plane-strain compression." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 125, no. 6: 4155-4168.