The study aimed to synthesize non-noxious, clean, reliable, and green sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) from Citrus limon leaves. The synthesized SNPs were used to analyze particle size, zeta potential, UV–visible spectroscopy, SEM, and ATR-FTIR. The prepared SNPs exhibited a globule size of 55.32 ± 2.15 nm, PDI value of 0.365 ± 0.06, and zeta potential of −12.32 ± 0.23 mV. The presence of SNPs was confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy in the range of 290 nm. The SEM image showed that the particles were spherical with a size of 40 nm. The ATR-FTIR study showed no interaction, and all the major peaks were preserved in the formulations. An antimicrobial and antifungal study of SNPs was carried out against Gram-positive bacteria (Staph. aureus, Bacillus), Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and Bordetella), and fungal strains (Candida albicans). The study showed that Citrus limon extract SNPs exhibited better antimicrobial and antifungal activities against Staph. aureus, Bacillus, E. coli, Bordetella, and Candida albicans at a minimal inhibitory concentration of 50 μg/mL. Different antibiotics were used alone and in combination with SNPs of Citrus limon extract to evaluate their activity against various strains of bacteria and fungal strains. The study showed that using SNPs of Citrus limon extract with antibiotics has a synergistic effect against Staph.aureus, Bacillus, E. coli, Bordetella, and Candida albicans. SNPs were embedded in nanohydrogel formulations for in vivo (wound healing) studies. In preclinical studies, SNPs of Citrus limon extract embedded within a nanohydrogel formulation (NHGF4) have shown promising results. To be widely used in clinical settings, further studies are needed to evaluate their safety and efficacy in human volunteers.

The Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Cassia fistula, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Research

In order to assess the cytotoxic effects of the cryoprotectant helix Antarctic yeast-orientated antifreeze peptide Afp1m on normal mouse skin fibroblasts, an in vitro model was developed for cytotoxicity assessment. In order to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of Afp1m, the cells of M. dunni (Clone III8C) were subjected to various amounts of Afp1m. The cell viability was assessed using MTT Assay (Tetrazolium dye MTT 3-(4, 5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-10 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) against the positive control cells (Clone III8C) that were cultured with 10% FBS (Foetal Bovine Serum) using an Elisa reader and in medium containing various amounts (10, 5, 2, 1 and 0.5 mg/mL) of Afp1m, the control group (10% FBS) displayed varying survival percentages (78.86 ± 10.17%, 88.38 ± 3.19%, 88.75 ± 7.19 %, 90.61 ± 7.11%, 91.19 ± 4.52%, and 100.00 ± 0.0 %) throughout 24 hr. At 72 hr of treatment, the cell viability scores of Afp1m at 5, 2, 1, and 0.5 mg/mL were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of 10mg/mL, which showed 86.73 ± 6.92 % viability of cells (103.9 ± 6.56 %, 104.3 ± 5.13%, 100.9 ± 1.71%, 102.8 ± 1.24%, and 100.00 ± 0.0%). At 24, 48, and 72 hr, retarded development was noted in 10 mg/mL Afp1m. Development was observed, albeit more slowly than in the positive control and treated with lesser concentrations. The findings of this work indicate that Afp1m exhibits cryoprotective properties without inducing toxicity when used for the cryopreservation of M. dunni (Clone III8C) cells.

This research was aimed to prepare sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) using Allium cepa extract and use them in nanocream. Characterization of the SNPs included measurements of zeta size, zeta potential, UV analyses, ATR-FTIR analyses, and SEM analyses. SNPs were tested for antibacterial and antifungal properties. An excision wound model was used to assess SNP-loaded nanocream activities on wound healing. Particle diameter was 125.21 ± 1.54 nm, and PDI was 0.278 ± 0.02 mV, whereas the zeta potential was −14.16 ± 0.54 mV. ATR-FTIR analysis showed that A. cepa extract, SNPs, and nanocream are compatible with each other and their chemical composition does not change. The SNPs were homogeneous and almost round in shape with a diameter of 125 nm. The incorporation of A. cepa SNPs with antibiotics has been shown to be statistically significant against Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus subtilis , Escherichia coli , Bordetella , and Candida albicans resistance. The nanocream containing SNPs was homogeneous, had a skin-compatible pH value, viscosity, and spreadability. Nanocream showed increased wound healing properties and was not irritating to the skin. A green synthesis of SNPs is effective in promoting antibacterial, antifungal, and wound healing properties.