Pyrrole is widely known as a biologically active scaffold which possesses a diverse nature of activities. The combination of different pharmacophores in a pyrrole ring system has led to the formation of more active compounds. Pyrrole containing analogs are considered as a potential source of biologically active compounds that contains a significant set of advantageous properties and can be found in many natural products. The marketed drugs containing a pyrrole ring system are known to have many biological properties such as antipsychotic, β-adrenergic antagonist, anxiolytic, anticancer (leukemia, lymphoma and myelofibrosis etc.), antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antimalarial and many more. Due to the diversity of these analogs in the therapeutic response profile, many researchers have been working to explore this skeleton to its maximum potential against several diseases or disorders. In this review, attempts have been made to disclose various tactical approaches to synthesize pyrrole and pyrrole containing analogs. The structure–activity relationship studies have been discussed along with their therapeutic applications which have been reported during last decade. Some molecules as the main components of the market and clinical trials have also been discussed.

Nowadays, hybrid drugs containing two or more covalently linked known potential pharmacophores are designed to simultaneously modulate multiple targets of multifactorial diseases to overcome the side effects associated with a single drug.

Biosurfactants are the chemical compounds that are obtained from various micro-organisms and possess the ability to decrease the interfacial tension between two similar or different phases. The importance of biosurfactants in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, agriculture, food and oil industries has made them an interesting choice in various physico-chemical and biological applications. With the aim of representing different properties of biosurfactants, this review article is focused on emphasizing their applications in various industries summarizing their importance in each field. Along with this, the production of recently developed chemically and biologically important biosurfactants has been outlined. The advantages of biosurfactants over the chemical surfactants have also been discussed with emphasis on the latest findings and research performed worldwide. Moreover, the chemical and physical properties of different biosurfactants have been presented and different characterization techniques have been discussed. Overall, the review article covers the latest developments in biosurfactants along with their physico-chemical properties and applications in different fields, especially in pharmaceuticals and biotechnology.

Introduction: Heterocyclic derivatives, particularly those containing heteroatoms such as oxygen and nitrogen, represent a significant portion of currently marketed drugs. Among these, the aromatic heterocycle 1,3,4-oxadiazole, characterized by an N=C=O-linkage, stands out due to its remarkable biological activities. These activities include anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-tubercular, antiviral, anti-diabetic, and antibacterial effects. Notably, several commercially available medications, such as tiodazosin, raltegravir, zibotentan, and nesapidil, incorporate this structural motif. Methods: This review compiles and analyzes existing synthetic methods for preparing 1,3,4- oxadiazole and its derivatives. By examining various synthetic routes and methodologies, the review provides a detailed overview of the strategies employed to generate these biologically active compounds. Results: The review highlights the potential of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives in addressing the toxicity, side effects, and drug resistance commonly associated with existing anticancer therapies. By combining the 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety with other heteroatoms, novel hybrid derivatives have been synthesized, demonstrating enhanced pharmacological activities across various therapeutic areas. Conclusion: This comprehensive review offers valuable insights into the synthesis and pharmacological applications of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles. It serves as a crucial resource for researchers exploring the development of new therapeutic compounds, with the ultimate goal of improving public health. The review builds on existing literature from the last two decades to present an exhaustive examination of the potential of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives in drug development.