In this study, a comparative analysis is conducted on the public acceptance of autonomous vehicles (AVs) in civilian and military contexts among the Chinese public. In order to identify the key factors influencing AV adoption under different scenarios, a Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) framework was applied in combination with an extended variable of perceived risk. Also, a structured questionnaire was designed, with 1004 valid responses received from a sample comprising mainly members of the Chinese public aged 31–50. Data analysis was conducted through reliability and validity tests, correlation analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Despite some slight variations in acceptance level between civilian and military fields, overall public attitudes are relatively consistent, according to the analytical results. Specifically, the average behavioral intention is slightly stronger and more consistent among the public in the civilian context, with higher scores achieved with respect to perceived usefulness and perceived risk in the military context, indicating a stronger emphasis on functionality and safety in military applications. As confirmed by SEM path analysis, there are significant influences exerted on behavioral intention by perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and satisfaction. These results demonstrate a high level of public acceptance of AV technology among the Chinese public in the context of policy support and technological innovation, providing empirical insights into the development of scenario-specific promotion strategies for the effective application of AV in various settings.

As the global automobile industry undergoes rapid intelligent transformation, understanding public acceptance of autonomous driving emerges as a critical research challenge. This study adopts the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as its theoretical framework to conduct a comparative analysis between China and Europe, two major automotive markets and central arenas for the development of autonomous driving. It investigates how contextual factors—including policy support, infrastructure, social trust, and cultural values—influence acceptance patterns. The findings show that in China, strong policy guidance, rapid infrastructure deployment, and large-scale demonstration projects have substantially increased willingness to adopt, while the widespread use of L2-level systems has enhanced public familiarity with the technology. Nonetheless, high-profile accidents have also exposed vulnerabilities in public trust. In contrast, European consumers demonstrate a more cautious stance, emphasizing legal liability, data privacy, and ethical compliance, while simultaneously regarding autonomous driving as a means of achieving carbon reduction, traffic safety, and sustainable mobility. The results further indicate that in the European context, institutional guarantees and prior experience are decisive, with accident memory and institutional trust serving as critical moderators within TAM pathways.

With the rapid development of the electric vehicle (EV) industry, the importance of battery management systems (BMS) in ensuring the safety, reliability, and efficiency of batteries has significantly increased. This study explores the technological development trends and market layout of EV BMS through patent analysis, focusing on patent quantity, geographic distribution, and technical classification. By integrating the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy weight method, a patent value evaluation model was constructed to identify key patents and assess their quality across four dimensions: technical, market, economic, and legal. The results reveal that BMS patents are primarily concentrated in China, the United States, and South Korea, with major contributors including LG Energy Solution, BYD, and Hyundai. While BMS patent applications grew rapidly from 2015 to 2020, the pace has slowed since 2021, indicating a possible shift in market focus. The analysis identified 14 high-quality patents, mainly focused on battery safety and compactness, while fewer patents addressed battery lifespan extension and anti-interference capabilities. The study suggests that although significant progress has been made in BMS technology, there is still substantial room for innovation, particularly in areas such as battery lifespan management, charging efficiency, and intelligent energy scheduling. This research provides valuable insights for future technological innovation and market decision-making in the EV BMS sector.

The trolley problem has long posed a complex ethical challenge in the field of autonomous driving technology. By constructing a general trolley problem model, this paper demonstrates that the default loss assumption is a necessary condition for the occurrence of trolley problems. However, an analysis of the differences between classical trolley problems and autonomous driving scenarios reveals that this assumption is not supported in the design of autonomous driving systems. This paper first provides a detailed definition of the trolley problem within the context of autonomous driving technology and establishes a general trolley problem model to better analyze the issue. We then discuss two solutions: the first solution acknowledges the existence of the trolley problem in the context of autonomous driving technology but does not recognize the existence of a “most acceptable decision”; the second solution denies that decision-makers are limited to a finite number of decisions, each resulting in a corresponding loss. Based on the second solution, we propose a “sufficient time” solution, illustrating that the interaction between planning and control systems in autonomous driving can avoid ethical dilemmas similar to the trolley problem. Finally, we analyze from a philosophical perspective why the trolley problem does not arise in the context of autonomous driving technology and discuss the ethical responsibilities associated with autonomous driving. The design goal of autonomous driving technology should be a zero-accident rate, which contradicts the unavoidable loss assumption in the traditional trolley problem. Therefore, the existence of the trolley problem is unrealistic in the practical application of autonomous driving technology.

The present study adopts the social constructivism theory and consumer decision-making process model with the aim of examining the social identity that consumers build through the purchase of electric vehicles (EVs) in line with their income, age, gender, and education. The study’s findings indicate that this social identity, shaped by income, age, gender and education, exerts a significant influence on consumer decision-making behavior. This identity is shaped not only by the make and model of EVs chosen, but also by their preferences for vehicle performance and technical features. The adoption of EVs by consumers is driven by dual objectives: the fulfilment of practical needs and the shaping of social identities in social interactions that correspond to their income, age, gender, and education. The study’s findings are of significant value in understanding the social identity aspirations of consumers in the electric vehicle consumer market, and provide a theoretical foundation for future electric vehicle companies to create products and corporate cultures that meet their target customers, thereby effectively promoting the popularization of electric vehicles.

Under the background of the acceleration of intelligent transformation of the global automobile industry, autonomous driving technology has become a key area of technological competition. The public's acceptance of autonomous driving technology not only reflects the maturity of the technology itself, but also reflects the differences in deep variables such as the influence of multiple factors such as policy support, social trust, and cultural concepts. This paper takes the technology acceptance model (TAM) as its theoretical basis, and conducts a cross-regional comparative study on the acceptance of autonomous driving in China and Europe in the context of China and Europe as the two major automobile markets and key areas for the development of autonomous driving technology. The study found that in China, policy orientation, infrastructure laying and scenario demonstration have significantly enhanced the public's willingness to accept, especially the high popularity of L2-level autonomous driving has strengthened the foundation of technical cognition; but major accidents have also exposed the fragility of technical trust. In contrast, European consumers have a more conservative attitude towards autonomous driving, paying extensive attention to legal responsibility definition, privacy protection and ethical compliance, and regard autonomous driving as an important tool for achieving carbon reduction, traffic safety and sustainable travel. Its acceptance is highly dependent on institutional guarantees and actual experience. In particular, accident memory and institutional trust play a significant regulatory role in the TAM path.