Water is a fundamental resource, yet various contaminants increasingly threaten its quality, necessitating effective remediation strategies.

Fe–gallic acid MOF embedded in an epoxy methyl cellulose polymer (CMC) thin film was synthesized and characterized by different micro-analytical tools such as: FE-SEM/EDX, XPS analysis, XRD analysis, FT-IR, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Fe–gallic acid MOF doped in a stable CMC polymer thin film is used as a novel sensor to identify CA 15-3 in the sera of patients suffering breast malignancy. The presence of appropriate functional groups in aqueous CA 15-3 solutions enables it to interact with the Fe–gallic acid MOF embedded in the thin film. The Fe–gallic acid MOF was found to absorb energy at 350 nm (λ_ex) and emits radiation at 439 nm which was specifically quenched in the presence of CA 15-3 over a working concentration range of 0.05–570 U mL⁻¹. In contrast to other CA 15-3 detection methods which suffered from electronic noise, interference and slowness, the Fe–gallic acid MOF proved its sensitivity as an economic, stable and reliable probe for the detection and determination of CA 15-3 in patients' serum samples with a detection limit of 0.01 U mL⁻¹ at pH 7.2.

Polymers enable flexible, lightweight solar cells with >18% efficiency. Encapsulants boost UV and moisture resistance. Self-cleaning coatings retain 95% output, and stretchable polymers allow wearable modules with up to 50% strain.

A low-cost, accurate, and highly selective method was used for the assessment of the human chorionic gonadotropin β-hCG in the serum of breast and prostate cancer patients. This method is based on enhancing the intensity of luminescence displayed by the optical sensor N/S-doped carbon dots (CQDs) upon adding different concentrations of β-hCG. The luminescent optical sensor was synthesized and characterized through absorption and emission and is tailored to present blue luminescence at λ_em = 345 nm and λ_ex = 288 nm at pH 7.8 in DMSO. The enhancement of the luminescence intensity of the N/S-doped CQDs, especially, the characteristic band at λ_em = 345 nm, is typically used for determining β-hCG in different serum samples. The dynamic range is 1.35–22.95 mU mL⁻¹, and the limit of detection (LOD) and quantitation limit of detection (LOQ) are 0.235 and 0.670 mU mL⁻¹, respectively. This method was practical, simple, and relatively free from interference effect. It was successfully applied to measure PCT in the samples of human serum, and from this method, we can assess some biomarkers of cancer-related diseases in human body.

Chitosan modified with diallylamine (CS-DAA) was synthesized and mixed with nano magnesium oxide (in various percentages) to prepare CS-DAA–MgO nanocomposites for use as a heterogeneous base catalyst for the synthesis of novel pyrazole derivatives. ¹³C NMR spectroscopic analysis confirmed the synthesis of the new functionalized chitosan CS-DAA. The nanocomposite containing 5% MgO exhibited the highest thermal stability as shown in the thermogravimetry curves. The X-ray diffraction pattern and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of the nanocomposite CS-DAA–MgO. The ecofriendly, biodegradable nanocomposite was used as a heterogeneous base catalyst for the synthesis of four novel pyrazole derivatives. Pyrazolone was condensed with thiocarbohydrazide in two different ratios to afford the corresponding hydrazones (1 and 2). These hydrazones were treated with α-haloesters or hydrazonoyl halides in the presence of the heterogeneous nanocomposite catalyst, resulting in the formation of thiadiazines (3) and thiazolidin-4-one (4). The catalytic effect of the nanocomposite showed higher catalytic efficiency compared to the traditional homogeneous base catalysts Et₃N and NaOH. The four pyrazole structures were confirmed using elemental analysis, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR. A molecular docking study was used to predict the inhibition potential for the four pyrazole derivatives as anti-bacterial drugs for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The results showed that all the compounds exhibit good inhibition potential as anti-bacterial drugs, especially compound (3) and compound (4).

Cellulose acetate (CA) was chemically modified with p–hydrazinobenzoic acid (HBA) for the fabrication of a CA–HBA polymeric membrane. The CA–HBA was characterized using NMR, UV-Vis, and EDX/SEM techniques. CA–HBA exhibited high hydrophilicity, as it included carboxylic groups as well as the hydroxyl group of the CA glycosidic ring. The HBA moieties increased the hydrophilicity and the number of active sites inside the CA polymeric matrix, but they did not improve the thermal stability of the polymer, as shown by the thermogravimetry (TGA). Polysulfone (PSF) was blended with CA-HBA in various compositions to produce highly thermal and effective membranes for water treatment applications. The fabricated membranes (CA–HBA/PSF) (5:95) (10:90) (15:85) were found to exhibit high thermal stabilities. The CA–HBA/PSF 15:85 membrane exhibited the highest efficiency towards the removal of Cu (II) ions, while the 5:95 membrane exhibited the highest salt rejection (89%).