Objective This systematic review aimed to evaluate the association between shift work and eating habits. Methods The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (number 42015024680). PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for published reports. Of 2432 identified articles, 33 observational studies met the inclusion criteria. Their methodological approaches were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Data were extracted using a standardized form. Studies were considered to have a low or a high risk of bias according to a percentage score of quality. Results The majority of the studies presented a quality score of <70% and a high risk of bias for comparability, sample selection and non-respondents. Shift workers show changes in meal patterns, skipping more meals and consuming more food at unconventional times. They also show higher consumption of unhealthy foods, such as saturated fats and soft drinks. Conclusions This review suggests that shift work can affect the quality of workers’ diets, but new studies, especially longitudinal studies, which examine the time of exposure to shift work, the duration of the workday and sleep patterns, are necessary to confirm this association.

O objetivo deste artigo é investigar a associação entre posição socioeconômica e o consumo alimentar entre os brasileiros para poder compreender como os grandes inquéritos nacionais estão contribuindo na identificação de desigualdades sociais e ecológicas neste último. Revisão sistemática da literatura de publicações que analisaram a relação entre posição socioeconômica e consumo alimentar nos grandes inquéritos nacionais. A definição de posição socioeconômica, seleção das suas variáveis indicadoras e a análise crítica de sua operacionalização basearam-se na epidemiologia ecossocial. Indivíduos em menor posição socioeconômica - cor da pele/raça parda ou negra, menor escolaridade e renda e de áreas rurais - têm menor probabilidade de consumir uma alimentação diversificada e saudável. Já os efeitos do gênero e da situação conjugal só poderiam ser melhor compreendidos com um recorte social. As variáveis de posição socioeconômica formam uma complexa teia de causalidade que ajuda a explicar a determinação do consumo alimentar dos brasileiros e a denunciar as iniquidades sociais na alimentação e nutrição. Há a necessidade de maior clareza conceitual a respeito da medição dos parâmetros para alcançar maior precisão sobre as causas das desigualdades sociais em alimentação.

The authors examined the associations of shiftwork with overweight and abdominal obesity through a cross-sectional study of 1206 employees 18 to 50 yrs of age who were working on a production line in a poultry processing plant. Night-shift workers (n = 800) were considered exposed, whereas day shiftworkers (n = 406) were considered nonexposed. Overweight was defined as a body mass index ≥25 kg/m² and abdominal obesity as a waist circumference ≥88 cm in women and ≥102 cm in men. The mean age of the workers was 30.5 yrs (standard deviation = 8.7 yrs), and 65.2% were women. Nightshift workers compared to dayshift workers showed higher prevalences of overweight (42.2% vs. 34.3%; p = .020) and abdominal obesity (24.9% vs. 19.5%; p = .037). After adjusting for sociodemographics, parental overweight status, behavioral characteristics, and sleep characteristics, including hours of sleep, the prevalence ratios for overweight and abdominal obesity were 1.27 (95% confidence interval [ CI]: 1.00–1.61) and 1.45 (95% CI: 1.10–1.92), respectively, for the nightshift workers compared to the dayshift workers. A consistent finding in our study was the independent contribution of night shiftwork to overweight and abdominal obesity among Brazilian workers. Further studies are needed to understand the biological mechanisms involved and the complex behavioral and social adaptations experienced by night-shift workers. (Author correspondence: mtolinto@gmail. com )

Context: There is no systematic review on the relationship between racial discrimination and eating habits.Objective: A systematic review was conducted to synthesize evidence on the association between perceived racial discrimination (PRD) and eating habits. A conceptual model was developed to depict the most common mechanisms used to explain this association.Data Sources: Articles were retrieved from the PubMed, Embase, LILACS, and PsycINFO databases from inception to January 2021.Study Selection: Only observational studies were included, and there were no restrictions on age, racial group, or country. Two reviewers selected the articles independently.Data Extraction: Data were extracted independently by 2 reviewers. The assessment of methodological quality was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.Results: All studies retrieved were conducted among the US population. Nineteen studies were included. On average, the studies showed a methodological quality of 66%. Forty-six associations were evaluated: 38 between PRD and negative eating habits, 29 between PRD and eating behavior, and 17 between PRD and food consumption.Conclusions: PRD negatively affects eating habits. A conceptual framework based on ecosocial theory is suggested as a guide for future research. Further studies in different countries (beyond the United States) should be conducted to understand how racial discrimination affects eating habits within different ethnic, cultural, social, and economic contexts.Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42019142605