While the physical manifestations of brain tumors are well-documented, their impact on the emotional and psychological landscape of patients is of equal importance. Patients frequently experience a range of challenges from depression, apathy, and increased aggression to personality changes. The complexity of these changes and their effects on emotional functioning are shaped by tumor characteristics, including location, growth rate, and the corresponding hormonal imbalances. These challenges may ripple outward, affecting not only the patients themselves but also their caregivers. This review aims to examine the diverse emotional experiences associated with various brain tumor types and locations, through understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these changes. The impact of psychosocial factors on emotional distress and coping strategies is also explored, focusing on the critical role of social support and resilience. The need for integrated care that addresses both the physical and psychological aspects of brain tumors is essential for improving the quality of life (QoL) for patients and their families. The close relationship between emotional and cognitive difficulties is analyzed, stressing how these challenges can mutually reinforce each other, creating a convoluted and challenging situation for brain tumor patients. By understanding and addressing these issues, healthcare providers can better support patients and improve their overall QoL. This review seeks to consolidate the current understanding of this complicated relationship, drawing from an array of studies, reviews, and meta-analyses.

Introduction: Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, and despite advances in frontline therapies such as rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride (hydroxydaunorubicin), vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), and prednisone, approximately 30%–40% of patients develop relapsed or refractory (rel/ref) disease. This subgroup has historically faced poor prognoses with limited treatment options, prompting the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell (CAR T) therapy and bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have emerged as transformative approaches in this setting. Methods: This narrative review compares these therapies across multiple domains, including mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, safety profiles, logistics, cost, and accessibility. Results: CAR T therapies have demonstrated durable complete response rates (40%–60%) and extended progression‐free survival (median 11–12.5 months), but they are limited by complex manufacturing, high cost, and potentially severe toxicities. In contrast, BsAbs offer immediate, off‐the‐shelf availability, with promising efficacy and a more favorable safety profile that enables outpatient administration, although long‐term durability remains under investigation. Conclusion: This review provides clinicians with a comprehensive comparison to support evidence‐based treatment selection in rel/ref DLBCL.

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a genetic skin disorder characterized by skin fragility and blister formation. This review explores the genetic basis and management of EB in the Saudi population, emphasizing the need for genetic insights to enable precise diagnosis, targeted treatments, and effective counseling. Diagnosis in Saudi Arabia relies on clinical assessments and genetic testing. Prenatal diagnosis may be suggested in families with children affected by EB, but it is not widely used in the Middle East. Current management focuses on symptom relief, while emerging experimental approaches such as gene and stem cell therapies are under extensive research. Challenges in EB research include developing effective targeted therapies and understanding the variability in how genotypes manifest phenotypically. Continuous research is crucial to enhance diagnostic methods, therapeutic approaches, and overall patient care.

The increasing misuse of benzodiazepines (BZDs) in drug-facilitated crimes (DFCs) has become a serious concern for forensic experts, healthcare professionals, and legal authorities. These drugs, which are commonly prescribed for anxiety and sleep disorders, are also used to commit crimes such as sexual assault and robbery. Their sedative and memory-blocking effects render them particularly dangerous. One of the biggest challenges is that BZDs are rapidly broken down in the body, limiting the time available for detection. This creates major problems in forensic investigations and reduces the chance of holding offenders accountable for their actions. In addition, memory loss caused by BZDs often affects a victim’s ability to recall events, making legal cases more challenging. This review aims to comprehensively synthesize the current knowledge on the use of BZDs in DFCs, their neuropharmacological mechanisms, and the challenges associated with their detection. It also discusses legal issues and emerging forensic tools that may help overcome the current limitations. By addressing this issue from medical, forensic, and legal perspectives, this review aims to recommend better prevention strategies, more effective investigations, and stronger legal outcomes for cases involving benzodiazepine-facilitated crimes.

Background: Vestibular migraine (VM) is a neurological disorder characterized by episodic vertigo in patients with migraine, contributing to substantial functional impairment. Although VM is relatively common, a consensus on effective prophylactic treatments is lacking. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmacological and adjunct non‐pharmacological interventions for VM management. Methods: The systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to April 2025. Randomized controlled trials or cohort (retrospective and prospective) studies assessing prophylactic pharmacological or adjunct non‐pharmacological management in adults diagnosed with VM were included. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane RoB 2 and MINORS tools. Results: Nine studies (three RCTs, six cohort studies; total n = 687) met the inclusion criteria. Beta‐blockers, particularly propranolol, and antiepileptics, such as topiramate, consistently reduced VM symptoms, as measured using validated scales (Dizziness Handicap Inventory, Vertigo Symptom Scale, and Vestibular Activities of Daily Living). Anti‐CGRP monoclonal antibodies (erenumab and galcanezumab) showed favorable efficacy and tolerability. By contrast, calcium channel blockers and antidepressants yielded inconsistent outcomes. Vestibular rehabilitation, when used as an adjunct therapy, demonstrated functional benefits. Reported adverse effects were generally mild and treatment specific. Substantial heterogeneity in treatment protocols, outcome assessments, and follow‐up intervals precluded meta‐analysis; therefore, findings were synthesized qualitatively. Conclusion: Moderate‐quality evidence supports the use of propranolol and topiramate as first‐line prophylactic treatments for VM. Emerging data suggest that anti‐CGRP agents may be beneficial for refractory cases. Larger, rigorously designed trials are necessary to establish standardized and individualized treatment protocols.

Neurotransmitters play important roles in brain function, influencing cognition, movement, and behavior. Disruption in neurotransmitter biosynthesis,