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Dr. Kin-Ying To
Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Floriculture
0 Plant Transformation
0 Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering
0 molecular breeding in plants
0 Plant Tissue Clture

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Plant Transformation
molecular breeding in plants
medicinal plants

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Short Biography

Dr. Kin-Ying To received a Ph.D. degree at the Institute of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, in 1990. After postdoctoral training at Chang-Gung University (Taoyuan, Taiwan), Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston, USA), and Academia Sinica (Taipei, Taiwan), Dr. To joined the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, in 1999. Currently, Dr. To is working as an Associate Research Specialist. Dr. To has published around 30 SCI-indexed research articles and reviews, four book chapters, one edited book, and has also received two patents and several research grants. In addition, Dr. To has served as a reviewer for over 25 verified reviews in the Publons website. and a lecturer in some courses at the National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica. Since 2008, Dr. To has been operating and developing the Plant Transformation Core for herbal, floricultural and crop plants at the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center of Academia Sinica. Research interests in Dr. To’s lab include plant tissue culture and genetic engineering in valuable medicinal and crop plants, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, chloroplast transformation, molecular breeding and plant biotechnology.

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Journal article
Published: 17 June 2021 in Plants
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Wedelia chinensis, which belongs to the Asteraceae family, is a procumbent, perennial herb. It has medicinal anti-inflammatory properties and has been traditionally used as folk medicine in East and South Asia for treating fever, cough and phlegm. In Taiwan, W. chinensis is a common ingredient of herbal tea. Previous studies showed that the plant leaves contain four major bioactive compounds, wedelolactone, demethylwedelolactone, luteolin and apigenin, that have potent antihepatoxic activity, and are thus used as major ingredients in phytopharmaceutical formulations. In this study, we set up optimal conditions for induction of ploidy in W.chinensis. Ploidy can be an effective method of increasing plant biomass and improving medicinal and ornamental characteristics. By using flow cytometry and chicken erythrocyte nuclei as a reference, the DNA content (2C) or genome size of W. chinensis was determined to be 4.80 picograms (pg) in this study for the first time. Subsequently, we developed the successful induction of five triploid and three tetraploid plants by using shoot explants treated with different concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 g/L) of colchicine. No apparent morphological changes were observed between these polyploid plants and the diploid wild-type (WT) plant, except that larger stomata in leaves were found in all polyploid plants as compared to diploid WT. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify the four index compounds (wedelolactone, demethylwedelolactone, luteolin, apigenin) in these polyploid plants, and fluctuating patterns were detected. This is the first report regarding polyploidy in the herbal plant W. chinensis.

ACS Style

Yung-Ting Tsai; Po-Yen Chen; Kin-Ying To. Induction of Polyploidy and Metabolic Profiling in the Medicinal Herb Wedelia chinensis. Plants 2021, 10, 1232 .

AMA Style

Yung-Ting Tsai, Po-Yen Chen, Kin-Ying To. Induction of Polyploidy and Metabolic Profiling in the Medicinal Herb Wedelia chinensis. Plants. 2021; 10 (6):1232.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yung-Ting Tsai; Po-Yen Chen; Kin-Ying To. 2021. "Induction of Polyploidy and Metabolic Profiling in the Medicinal Herb Wedelia chinensis." Plants 10, no. 6: 1232.

Journal article
Published: 03 November 2020 in Plants
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Bidens pilosa is commonly used as an herbal tea component or traditional medicine for treating several diseases, including diabetes. Polyacetylenes have two or more carbon–carbon triple bonds or alkynyl functional groups and are mainly derived from fatty acid and polyketide precursors. Here, we report the cloning of full-length cDNAs that encode 12-fatty acid acetylenase (designated BPFAA) and 12-oleate desaturase (designated BPOD) from B. pilosa, which we predicted to play a role in the polyacetylene biosynthetic pathway. Subsequently, expression vectors carrying BPFAA or BPOD were constructed and transformed into B. pilosa via the Agrobacterium-mediated method. Genomic PCR analysis confirmed the presence of transgenes and selection marker genes in the obtained transgenic lines. The copy numbers of transgenes in transgenic lines were determined by Southern blot analysis. Furthermore, 4–5 FAA genes and 2–3 OD genes were detected in wild-type (WT) plants. Quantitative real time-PCR revealed that some transgenic lines had higher expression levels than WT. Western blot analysis revealed OD protein expression in the selected transformants. High-performance liquid chromatography profiling was used to analyze the seven index polyacetylenic compounds, and fluctuation patterns were found.

ACS Style

Po-Yen Chen; Mi-Jou Hsieh; Yung-Ting Tsai; Hisao-Hang Chung; Lie-Fen Shyur; Cheng-Han Hsieh; Kin-Ying To. Transformation and Characterization of Delta 12-Fatty Acid Acetylenase and Delta 12-Oleate Desaturase Potentially Involved in the Polyacetylene Biosynthetic Pathway from Bidens pilosa. Plants 2020, 9, 1483 .

AMA Style

Po-Yen Chen, Mi-Jou Hsieh, Yung-Ting Tsai, Hisao-Hang Chung, Lie-Fen Shyur, Cheng-Han Hsieh, Kin-Ying To. Transformation and Characterization of Delta 12-Fatty Acid Acetylenase and Delta 12-Oleate Desaturase Potentially Involved in the Polyacetylene Biosynthetic Pathway from Bidens pilosa. Plants. 2020; 9 (11):1483.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Po-Yen Chen; Mi-Jou Hsieh; Yung-Ting Tsai; Hisao-Hang Chung; Lie-Fen Shyur; Cheng-Han Hsieh; Kin-Ying To. 2020. "Transformation and Characterization of Delta 12-Fatty Acid Acetylenase and Delta 12-Oleate Desaturase Potentially Involved in the Polyacetylene Biosynthetic Pathway from Bidens pilosa." Plants 9, no. 11: 1483.

Book chapter
Published: 07 October 2020 in Genetic Transformation in Crops
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Plastid transformation has a number of advantages in comparison with nuclear transformation. Currently, only tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is routinely used in plastid transformation. Here we constructed a series of chloroplast expression vectors specific for spinach (pCEV1), tomato (pCEV2 and pCEV3), and N. benthamiana (pCEV4). Selection marker aminoglycoside 3′-adenyltransferase (aadA) conferring spectinomycin resistance was used in pCEV1, pCEV2, and pCEV4, while selection marker neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) was used in pCEV3. The expression cassette in these vectors was integrated in the intergenic spacer between trnI and trnA of plastid genome via homologous recombination. Several transgenes, including a reporter gene encoding GFP:GUS fusion protein and genes from tomato (lycopene b-cyclase, z-carotene desaturase) and bamboo mosaic virus satellite RNA (encoding coat protein CP20), were independently cloned into some of these vectors. Transient GUS expression was detected in spinach leaves bombarded by pCEV1/GFP-GUS. Functional expression of selection markers aadA and nptII was demonstrated for spinach, tomato, and N. benthamiana. Seedling assay from T0 self-pollinated plant of transplastomic N. benthamiana confirmed maternal inheritance of transgenes, and genomic PCR analysis confirmed integration of transgenic expression cassette into the plastid genome of N. benthamiana. Moreover, auxiliary vectors pECaad and pECnpt are also reported.

ACS Style

Po-Yen Chen; Yung-Ting Tsai; Kin-Ying To. Construction and Evaluation of Chloroplast Expression Vectors in Higher Plants. Genetic Transformation in Crops 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Po-Yen Chen, Yung-Ting Tsai, Kin-Ying To. Construction and Evaluation of Chloroplast Expression Vectors in Higher Plants. Genetic Transformation in Crops. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Po-Yen Chen; Yung-Ting Tsai; Kin-Ying To. 2020. "Construction and Evaluation of Chloroplast Expression Vectors in Higher Plants." Genetic Transformation in Crops , no. : 1.

Book
Published: 07 October 2020 in Genetic Transformation in Crops [Working Title]
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Due to the rapid population growth, climate change and decreasing natural resources, growing sufficient crops with high productivity, resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and other attractive traits is a major challenge. Conventional breeding method requires time-consuming genetic crosses between different parents for multiple generations. By contrast, plant transformation is defined by insertion of DNA from any organism into the genome of a plant species, and it is considered as a powerful tool in plant breeding. This book aims to provide professional state-of-the-art information for basic and applied scientists and plant breeders, focusing on key crop plants. Papers related to the principal and application of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, step-by-step protocols of DNA delivery to important crop Brassica oleracea and higher-plant chloroplasts, current progress and prospects of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in higher plants, improvement of grapevine through biotechnology, and public concern of biosafety issues regarding genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are all included in this book. It should be useful for students, breeders and researchers in the field of transgenic crops around the world.

ACS Style

Kin-Ying To. Genetic Transformation in Crops. Genetic Transformation in Crops [Working Title] 2020 .

AMA Style

Kin-Ying To. Genetic Transformation in Crops. Genetic Transformation in Crops [Working Title]. 2020; ():.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kin-Ying To. 2020. "Genetic Transformation in Crops." Genetic Transformation in Crops [Working Title] , no. : .

Original article
Published: 01 April 2017 in Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC)
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In vitro plant regeneration was established in Echinacea pallida, a plant that is commonly used as a folk medicine to treat the common cold, fevers, inflammation and so on. Conditions for callus induction, lateral root and shoot regeneration were determined. Subsequently, two vectors pCHS and pOSAG78, carrying different selection marker genes resistant to kanamycin and hygromycin, respectively, were independently used to transform leaf explants of E. pallida using an Agrobacterium-mediated method. Genomic PCR analysis confirmed the presence of the transgene and selection marker gene in obtained transgenic lines. Southern hybridization indicated that the T-DNA insertion in some transgenic E. pallida was single copy. Among them, transformants carrying Petunia chalcone synthase (CHS) were selected for further study. CHS is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of diverse flavonoids including anthocyanin pigmentation. Here, we analyzed the roles and compared the gene expression of two clusters of CHSs, EpaCHS-A and EpaCHS-B (EpaCHS-B1 and EpaCHS-B2), isolated from E. pallida. Two of the genes, EpaCHS-A and EpaCHS-B1, were abundantly expressed in petals, whereas EpaCHS-B2 was expressed at high levels in leaves. The expression of EpaCHSs remained constant in leaves and roots of Petunia CHS transformants, while EpaCHS-B2 expression was changed in flowers of transgenic plants. The biosynthesis of caffeic acid derivatives, cichoric acid and caftaric acid, was increased in leaves and roots of CHS transformants, respectively, while the amount of echinacoside in roots of transgenic plants was decreased. This is the first report on genetic engineering of E. pallida. The information contained herein can be used as a tool for further study of the biological pathways and secondary metabolism of specific compounds from medicinal Echinacea species.

ACS Style

Hsin-Mei Wang; Shih-Tong Jeng; Kin-Ying To. In vitro regeneration, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and genetic assay of chalcone synthase in the medicinal plant Echinacea pallida. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 2017, 130, 117 -130.

AMA Style

Hsin-Mei Wang, Shih-Tong Jeng, Kin-Ying To. In vitro regeneration, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and genetic assay of chalcone synthase in the medicinal plant Echinacea pallida. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC). 2017; 130 (1):117-130.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hsin-Mei Wang; Shih-Tong Jeng; Kin-Ying To. 2017. "In vitro regeneration, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and genetic assay of chalcone synthase in the medicinal plant Echinacea pallida." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 130, no. 1: 117-130.

Original article
Published: 09 November 2016 in Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC)
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Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is a key enzyme in the C4 photosynthetic pathway for the initial fixation of atmospheric CO2 into the four-carbon (C4) acid, oxaloacetate. Here, we report that a vector carrying the intact maize C4pepc gene was used to transform C3 monocot japonica rice cultivar Tainung 67 (TNG67) which is an important cultivar in Taiwan, and C3 dicot Cleome spinosa which is closely related to the C4 dicot Cleome gynandra, via an Agrobacterium-mediated method. In total, 29 transgenic rice and 4 transgenic C. spinosa plants were obtained. Genomic PCR and southern blot analyses revealed that the maize pepc and selective antibiotic resistant genes were present in almost all randomly-selected transgenic plants but not in wild-type plants. Reverse transcription-PCR showed that maize pepc mRNA was detected in transgenic plants. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of 110 kDa maize PEPC protein in transgenic plants but not in wild-type plants. Furthermore, higher PEPC enzyme activities were detected in transgenic rice plants than in transgenic C. spinosa plants. Taken together, we clearly demonstrated monocot maize C4pepc gene is functional in both C3 monocot rice and C3 dicot C. spinosa plants. Two T5 homozygous rice lines, each harboring a single insertion of maize pepc gene, showed 7- to 9.4-fold and 40–54% PEPC enzyme activity as compared to the untransformed rice and maize, respectively. These stable transgenic rice lines will be valuable material for studying the effect of maize PEPC on rice photosynthesis under different conditions.

ACS Style

Po-Yen Chen; Yung-Ting Tsai; Chun-Yeung Ng; Maurice Sun-Ben Ku; Kin-Ying To. Transformation and characterization of transgenic rice and Cleome spinosa plants carrying the maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase genomic DNA. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 2016, 128, 509 -519.

AMA Style

Po-Yen Chen, Yung-Ting Tsai, Chun-Yeung Ng, Maurice Sun-Ben Ku, Kin-Ying To. Transformation and characterization of transgenic rice and Cleome spinosa plants carrying the maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase genomic DNA. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC). 2016; 128 (3):509-519.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Po-Yen Chen; Yung-Ting Tsai; Chun-Yeung Ng; Maurice Sun-Ben Ku; Kin-Ying To. 2016. "Transformation and characterization of transgenic rice and Cleome spinosa plants carrying the maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase genomic DNA." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 128, no. 3: 509-519.

Journal article
Published: 14 October 2015 in Plant Biology
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Oncidium ‘Gower Ramsey’ (Onc. GR) is a popular cut flower, but its colour is limited to bright yellow. The β-ring carotene hydroxylase (BCH2) gene is involved in carotenoid biogenesis for pigment formation. However, the role of BCH2 in Onc. GR is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the functions of three BCH2 genes, BCH-A2, BCH-B2 and BCH-C2 isolated from Onc. GR, to analyse their roles in flower colour. RT-PCR expression profiling suggested that BCH2 was mainly expressed in flowers. The expression of BCH-B2 remained constant while that of BCH-A2 gradually decreased during flower development. Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens to introduce BCH2 RNA interference (RNAi), we created transgenic Oncidium plants with down-regulated BCH expression. In the transgenic plants, flower colour changed from the bright yellow of the wild type to light and white-yellow. BCH-A2 and BCH-B2 expression levels were significantly reduced in the transgenic flower lips, which make up the major portion of the Oncidium flower. Sectional magnification of the flower lip showed that the amount of pigmentation in the papillate cells of the adaxial epidermis was proportional to the intensity of yellow colouration. HPLC analyses of the carotenoid composition of the transgenic flowers suggested major reductions in neoxanthin and violaxanthin. In conclusion, BCH2 expression regulated the accumulation of yellow pigments in the Oncidium flower, and the down-regulation of BCH-A2 and BCH-B2 changed the flower colour from bright yellow to light and white-yellow.

ACS Style

H.-M. Wang; Kin-Ying To; H.-M. Lai; S.-T. Jeng. Modification of flower colour by suppressing β-ring carotene hydroxylase genes inOncidium. Plant Biology 2015, 18, 220 -229.

AMA Style

H.-M. Wang, Kin-Ying To, H.-M. Lai, S.-T. Jeng. Modification of flower colour by suppressing β-ring carotene hydroxylase genes inOncidium. Plant Biology. 2015; 18 (2):220-229.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H.-M. Wang; Kin-Ying To; H.-M. Lai; S.-T. Jeng. 2015. "Modification of flower colour by suppressing β-ring carotene hydroxylase genes inOncidium." Plant Biology 18, no. 2: 220-229.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology
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Aurones belong to a small class of flavonoids that provide yellow color in some floricultural plants including snapdragon. To explore novel flower coloration, two full-length cDNAs encoding chalcone 4'-O-glucosyltransferase (designated as SRY4'CGT) and aureusidin synthase (designated as SRYAS1) in the aurone biosynthetic pathway were cloned from yellow flowers of snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus cv. Ribbon Yellow). Binary vectors were constructed and transformed separately into Petunia hybrida harboring blue flowers. Only a few flowers in 4 out of 9 transgenic SRY4'CGT plants showed variegated blue-white sectors; as time passed, amounts of variegated flowers and proportion of white sectors in the background blue color of the new-born flowers gradually increased, until finally, the petal color was completely white in all late-born flowers. In contrast, a few flowers in 3 out of 13 transgenic SRYAS1 plants showed variegated blue-white sectors; but, the amounts of variegated flowers did not increase over the whole flowering stage, and no complete white flowers were observed. RNA samples isolated from blue and white sectors of T1 transgenic SRY4'CGT plants were analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR, transgenic SRY4'CGT transcripts were detected in both sectors; however, transcripts of an upstream gene, chalcone synthase (CHS), were abundantly detected in the blue sectors but largely reduced in the white sectors, suggesting that the expression of CHS gene was suppressed in white sectors of transgenic plants. Furthermore, HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry demonstrated cyandin, malvidin and their derivatives were absent in white sectors, causing the white phenotype. Our findings may be attractive to molecular breeders.

ACS Style

Chen-Kuen Wang; Yi-Chin Chin; Chih-Yu Lin; Po-Yen Chen; Kin-Ying To. Transforming the Snapdragon Aurone Biosynthetic Genes into Petunia Alters Coloration Patterns in Transgenic Flowers. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2015, 06, 702 -722.

AMA Style

Chen-Kuen Wang, Yi-Chin Chin, Chih-Yu Lin, Po-Yen Chen, Kin-Ying To. Transforming the Snapdragon Aurone Biosynthetic Genes into Petunia Alters Coloration Patterns in Transgenic Flowers. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology. 2015; 06 (12):702-722.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen-Kuen Wang; Yi-Chin Chin; Chih-Yu Lin; Po-Yen Chen; Kin-Ying To. 2015. "Transforming the Snapdragon Aurone Biosynthetic Genes into Petunia Alters Coloration Patterns in Transgenic Flowers." Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 06, no. 12: 702-722.

Journal article
Published: 23 February 2012 in Plant Cell Reports
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Is widely used as a garden ornamental in many countries. Here we determined the optimal conditions for plant regeneration from different tissue explants grown in vitro. Induction medium containing MS salts, MS vitamins, 3% sucrose, 1 mg l BA, 200 mg l timentin, and 0.8% agar was sufficient for shoot regeneration of all the tissue explants examined, including leaf, hypocotyl, and cotyledon. Subsequently, an -mediated method was developed to transform the vector pCHS, which carries the transgenes chalcone synthase () and selection marker neomycin phosphotransferase II (), into . From a total of 368 cotyledon explants, 13 putative transgenic lines were regenerated from selection medium supplemented with 50 mg l kanamycin and 200 mg l timentin, and transferred to the greenhouse. Genomic PCR and Southern blot analyses revealed that the transgene was present in all 13 transgenic plants. Similarly, when the transgene was used as a probe in Southern blot analysis, single or multiple hybridization bands were detected in 12 out of the 13 transgenic plants. In addition, T progeny assay from selected transformants showed that the transgene can be transmitted in a Mendelian manner from transgenic parents into their progeny. This is the first report of stable transformation of the C dicotyledon , which will facilitate functional comparison of cell-type specific genes with counterpart C dicotyledon using transgenic approaches.

ACS Style

Yung-Ting Tsai; Po-Yen Chen; Kin-Ying To. Plant regeneration and stable transformation in the floricultural plant Cleome spinosa, a C3 plant closely related to the C4 plant C. gynandra. Plant Cell Reports 2012, 31, 1189 -1198.

AMA Style

Yung-Ting Tsai, Po-Yen Chen, Kin-Ying To. Plant regeneration and stable transformation in the floricultural plant Cleome spinosa, a C3 plant closely related to the C4 plant C. gynandra. Plant Cell Reports. 2012; 31 (7):1189-1198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yung-Ting Tsai; Po-Yen Chen; Kin-Ying To. 2012. "Plant regeneration and stable transformation in the floricultural plant Cleome spinosa, a C3 plant closely related to the C4 plant C. gynandra." Plant Cell Reports 31, no. 7: 1189-1198.

Journal article
Published: 11 January 2012 in Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC)
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Bidens pilosa L. is an erect perennial herb that is used as a folk medicine for the treatment of a variety of illnesses including diabetes. Genetic engineering is an effective means of producing desired phytocompounds in certain medicinal plants; however, plant regeneration and genetic transformation have not yet been reported for B. pilosa. Here, we determined the optimal conditions for plant regeneration from cotyledon explants of in vitro-grown B. pilosa L. var. radiata, one of the three common variants of this species found in Taiwan. An Agrobacterium-mediated method was developed to transform the vector pCHS, which is carrying the Petunia chalcone synthase (chs) and neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) genes into B. pilosa var. radiata. From a total of 1,373 cotyledon explants, 21 putative transgenic lines were regenerated on selection medium, and 15 lines carrying both Petunia chs and nptII transgenes were obtained. Out of these, one line, BpCHS21, showed an anomalous flower phenotype. The presence of Petunia chs transgene in randomly-selected transgenic plants was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the transgenic chs was differentially expressed in the leaf tissue of all the transformants, but not in wild type. T1 progeny assay of outcross seeds (i.e., wild-type pollens crossed with transgenic flowers) from selected transformants showed that the ratio of kanamycin-resistant and kanamycin-sensitive seedlings was close to 1 in kanamycin-containing medium, verifying again the single integration of foreign DNA into the nuclear chromosome of transformants and the inheritance of the nptII transgene. The present protocol will be useful for the introduction of genes of interest into B. pilosa paving the way for metabolic engineering in this medicinal plant.

ACS Style

Chen-Kuen Wang; Shin-Yun Hsu; Po-Yen Chen; Kin-Ying To. Transformation and characterization of transgenic Bidens pilosa L. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 2012, 109, 457 -464.

AMA Style

Chen-Kuen Wang, Shin-Yun Hsu, Po-Yen Chen, Kin-Ying To. Transformation and characterization of transgenic Bidens pilosa L. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC). 2012; 109 (3):457-464.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen-Kuen Wang; Shin-Yun Hsu; Po-Yen Chen; Kin-Ying To. 2012. "Transformation and characterization of transgenic Bidens pilosa L." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 109, no. 3: 457-464.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2009
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ACS Style

Kin-Ying To. Isolation of functional RNA from different tissues of tomato suitable for developmental profiling by microarray analysis. 2009, 1 .

AMA Style

Kin-Ying To. Isolation of functional RNA from different tissues of tomato suitable for developmental profiling by microarray analysis. . 2009; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kin-Ying To. 2009. "Isolation of functional RNA from different tissues of tomato suitable for developmental profiling by microarray analysis." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2006
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ACS Style

Kin-Ying To. Molecular Breeding of Flower Color. 2006, 1 .

AMA Style

Kin-Ying To. Molecular Breeding of Flower Color. . 2006; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kin-Ying To. 2006. "Molecular Breeding of Flower Color." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2006
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ACS Style

Kin-Ying To. Cosuppression of tobacco chalcone synthase using Petunia chalcone synthase construct results in white flowers. 2006, 1 .

AMA Style

Kin-Ying To. Cosuppression of tobacco chalcone synthase using Petunia chalcone synthase construct results in white flowers. . 2006; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kin-Ying To. 2006. "Cosuppression of tobacco chalcone synthase using Petunia chalcone synthase construct results in white flowers." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2004 in Plant Science
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ACS Style

Hsin-Mei Wang; Kin-Ying To. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in the high-value medicinal plant Echinacea purpurea. Plant Science 2004, 166, 1087 -1096.

AMA Style

Hsin-Mei Wang, Kin-Ying To. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in the high-value medicinal plant Echinacea purpurea. Plant Science. 2004; 166 (4):1087-1096.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hsin-Mei Wang; Kin-Ying To. 2004. "Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in the high-value medicinal plant Echinacea purpurea." Plant Science 166, no. 4: 1087-1096.

Journal article
Published: 23 April 2004
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ACS Style

Kin-Ying To. Overview of Differential Gene Expression by High-throughout Analysis. 2004, 1 .

AMA Style

Kin-Ying To. Overview of Differential Gene Expression by High-throughout Analysis. . 2004; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kin-Ying To. 2004. "Overview of Differential Gene Expression by High-throughout Analysis." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2003 in Molecular Breeding
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The widely used expression vector pBI121 for plant transformation was reconstructed, and the complete sequence of 14758 bp is now available (accession number AF485783). The T-DNA region (6193 bp) contains the right border, expression cassettes for a neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) selection marker and a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, and the left border. The non-T-DNA region (8565 bp) was constructed according to the Bin 19 vector. We applied the vector information to clone the plant/T-DNA junction region from three independent transgenic tobacco plants. Knowledge of the complete sequence of this vector will be useful for an accurate description of vector size, determination of the integrity of T-DNA, identification of independent lines, the locus where it is inserted, the T-DNA copy number in those stable transformants, or construction of a smaller vector. In addition, the complete sequence (5667 bp) of the transient expression vector pBI221 (accession number AF502128) carrying the ampicillin resistance and gus reporter genes is also reported.

ACS Style

Po-Yen Chen; Chen-Kuen Wang; Shaw-Ching Soong; Kin-Ying To. Complete sequence of the binary vector pBI121 and its application in cloning T-DNA insertion from transgenic plants. Molecular Breeding 2003, 11, 287 -293.

AMA Style

Po-Yen Chen, Chen-Kuen Wang, Shaw-Ching Soong, Kin-Ying To. Complete sequence of the binary vector pBI121 and its application in cloning T-DNA insertion from transgenic plants. Molecular Breeding. 2003; 11 (4):287-293.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Po-Yen Chen; Chen-Kuen Wang; Shaw-Ching Soong; Kin-Ying To. 2003. "Complete sequence of the binary vector pBI121 and its application in cloning T-DNA insertion from transgenic plants." Molecular Breeding 11, no. 4: 287-293.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2001 in Physiologia Plantarum
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Genes that are expressed during leaf senescence in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas, cv. Tainong 57) were identified by the isolation of cDNA fragments with the mRNA differential display method. Eight senescence‐associated cDNA clones for mRNAs differentially expressed during leaf senescence were obtained and characterized. Northern blot analysis indicated that all these clones represented genes that are up‐regulated during natural leaf senescence. Among them, five cDNA clones have been obtained in full length by screening a senescing leaf cDNA library or by performing rapid amplification of cDNA ends. DNA and protein database searches revealed that clones SPA15 and SPC9 encode proteins of unknown function. The other six clones SPG31, SPC20, SPG27, SPC25, SPC15 and SPC1 showed significant sequence homology to known genes encoding a cysteine proteinase, isocitrate lyase, S‐adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, cysteine proteinase inhibitor and metallothionein‐like type I protein. The gene expression patterns represented by SPG31, SPG27 and SPA15 were found to be highly specific in senescing leaves. The corresponding transcripts for SPG31, SPG27 and SPA15 were below detectable levels in other organs such as flowers, stems, roots and tubers. The possible physiological roles of these gene products in the leaf senescence process are discussed.

ACS Style

Yih-Jong Huang; Kin-Ying To; Mee-Ngan F. Yap; Wen-Joan Chiang; Der-Fen Suen; Shu-Chen Grace Chen. Cloning and characterization of leaf senescence up-regulated genes in sweet potato. Physiologia Plantarum 2001, 113, 384 -391.

AMA Style

Yih-Jong Huang, Kin-Ying To, Mee-Ngan F. Yap, Wen-Joan Chiang, Der-Fen Suen, Shu-Chen Grace Chen. Cloning and characterization of leaf senescence up-regulated genes in sweet potato. Physiologia Plantarum. 2001; 113 (3):384-391.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yih-Jong Huang; Kin-Ying To; Mee-Ngan F. Yap; Wen-Joan Chiang; Der-Fen Suen; Shu-Chen Grace Chen. 2001. "Cloning and characterization of leaf senescence up-regulated genes in sweet potato." Physiologia Plantarum 113, no. 3: 384-391.

Review
Published: 01 June 2000 in Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening
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High throughput analysis of differential gene expression is a powerful tool that can be applied to many areas in molecular cell biology, including differentiation, development, physiology, and pharmacology. In recent years, a variety of techniques have been developed to analyze differential gene expression, including comparative expressed sequence tag sequencing, differential display, representational difference analysis, cDNA or oligonucleotide arrays, and serial analysis of gene expression. This review explains the technologies, their scopes, impact on science, as well as their costs and possible limitations. The application of differential display is presented as a tool to identify genes induced by darkness or yellowing process in rice leaves.

ACS Style

King-Ying To. Identification of Differential Gene Expression by High Throughput Analysis. Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 2000, 3, 235 -241.

AMA Style

King-Ying To. Identification of Differential Gene Expression by High Throughput Analysis. Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening. 2000; 3 (3):235-241.

Chicago/Turabian Style

King-Ying To. 2000. "Identification of Differential Gene Expression by High Throughput Analysis." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 3, no. 3: 235-241.

Article
Published: 19 July 1999 in Planta
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A full-length cDNA (designated rcaII) encoding the Rubisco activase (RCA) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been cloned from a cDNA library constructed with mRNA from green leaves. Sequence analysis resulted in a reading frame of 432 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 47.9 kDa and an estimated isoelectric point of 5.97. The deduced amino acid sequence showed 74–89% identity with other Rubisco activases from higher plants. Two highly conserved motifs were identified. Southern blot analysis suggested the presence of a single rca gene in the rice genome. The accumulation of leaf rca mRNA was found to be regulated by an oscillating circadian rhythm, in rice plants grown in a light-dark photoperiod. To purify the rice RCA protein, total soluble protein from rice green leaves was fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by preparative gel electrophoresis. Two polypeptides, designated RCAI and RCAII, were isolated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and further confirmed by N-terminal sequencing. The polyclonal antibodies prepared against rice RCAI and RCAII were found to cross-react with two RCA polypeptides present in leaf extracts of spinach and tobacco. Furthermore, two different 3′ ends of rca mRNA were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. These cDNA fragments and the related genomic DNA fragment were cloned and sequenced. The sequence of rcaI is almost identical to the corresponding sequence of rcaII, except for its having 33 additional amino acids at the C-terminal portion. It can be concluded that a novel alternative splicing mechanism for a common rca mRNA precursor near the 3′ end exists in rice plants.

ACS Style

Kin-Ying To; Der-Fen Suen; Shu-Chen Grace Chen. Molecular characterization of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase in rice leaves. Planta 1999, 209, 66 -76.

AMA Style

Kin-Ying To, Der-Fen Suen, Shu-Chen Grace Chen. Molecular characterization of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase in rice leaves. Planta. 1999; 209 (1):66-76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kin-Ying To; Der-Fen Suen; Shu-Chen Grace Chen. 1999. "Molecular characterization of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase in rice leaves." Planta 209, no. 1: 66-76.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 1996 in The Plant Journal
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An electroporation‐mediated method for the study of foreign gene expression within chloroplasts has been developed. The chloroplast expression vector pHD203‐GUS, which consists of coding regions for β‐glucuronidase (GUS) and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) separated by a double psbA promoter fragment from pea (in opposite orientation) was electroporated into spinach chloroplasts and the transient gene expression was examined. Conditions for the expression of the reporter genes have been optimized. Both CAT and GUS activities were detected in chloroplasts electroporated with pHD203‐GUS, but not with nuclear expression vector pBI221 or negative control pUC18. No GUS activity was detected when pHD203‐GUS was electroporated into spinach protoplasts. Dot immunoblot analysis using anti‐GUS antibody confirmed the existence of GUS protein in chloroplasts electroporated with chloroplast‐specific vector but not the negative controls, excluding the possibilities of endogenous GUS or bacterial contamination. The expression of GUS protein in treated chloroplasts was further confirmed by Western blot analysis.

ACS Style

Kin-Ying To; Ming-Chih Cheng; Long-Fang Oliver Chen; Shu-Chen Grace Chen. Introduction and expression of foreign DNA in isolated spinach chloroplasts by electroporation. The Plant Journal 1996, 10, 737 -743.

AMA Style

Kin-Ying To, Ming-Chih Cheng, Long-Fang Oliver Chen, Shu-Chen Grace Chen. Introduction and expression of foreign DNA in isolated spinach chloroplasts by electroporation. The Plant Journal. 1996; 10 (4):737-743.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kin-Ying To; Ming-Chih Cheng; Long-Fang Oliver Chen; Shu-Chen Grace Chen. 1996. "Introduction and expression of foreign DNA in isolated spinach chloroplasts by electroporation." The Plant Journal 10, no. 4: 737-743.