Water shortage and water contamination necessitate adopting a reverse logistics and a closed-loop supply chain approach, which is the process of moving wastewater from its typical final destination back to the water supply chain with different levels of treatment for reuse. Hence, the incorporation of sustainability concepts through life cycle assessments for selecting reclaimed water applications considering reverse logistics and closed-loop systems is receiving more attention. However, no prior studies have evaluated the trade-off between the reclaimed water quality and corresponding costs, environmental impacts and social benefits for different types of water reuse. The aim of this study is therefore to design possible scenarios for water reuse based on water reuse guidelines and evaluate the different types of end use based on the three dimensions of sustainability (i.e., economic, environmental and social aspects) simultaneously. The different reuse types considered include unrestricted urban reuse, agricultural reuse, indirect potable reuse (IPR), direct potable reuse (DPR), distributed unrestricted urban reuse, as well as some degree of decentralization of treatment plants for distributed unrestricted urban reuse. The trade-off investigation and decision-making framework are demonstrated in a case study and a regret-based model is adopted as the support tool for multi-criteria decision-making. This study revealed that although increasing the degree of treatment for water reuse increases the implementation and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs of the design, it increases the value of resource recovery significantly, such that it can offset the capital and O&M costs associated with the treatment and distribution for DPR. Improving the reclaimed water quality also reduces the environmental footprint (eutrophication) to almost 50% for DPR compared to the other reuse scenarios. This study revealed that the distance between the water reclamation facility and the end use plays a significant role in economic and environmental (carbon footprint) indicators.

To understand the past successes and future opportunities for applying Industry 4.0 technologies toward manufacturing sustainability assessment, this state-of-the-art review examines previous literature at the intersection of these domains. Specifically, we focus on the application of Industry 4.0 technologies in the context of the following stages in manufacturing sustainability assessment: (i) planning, infrastructure development, and problem definition, (ii) performance measurement, (iii) results interpretation and decision-making, as well as (iv) intervention, control, and validation strategies. On the basis of the literature review, we present the trends, benefits, research gaps, and required future work for holistically integrating the research domains mentioned above. To accompany this literature review, we performed a meta-analysis of 14,498 articles and compared them to 316 articles compiled from a focused literature search. Based on database-controlled keywords, networks representing keyword co-occurrences were constructed to reveal clusters of related terms and evaluate overall term centrality (i.e., importance). Results from this analysis showed that the two datasets exhibited a similar network structure and also helped reveal Industry 4.0-related opportunities for manufacturing sustainability assessment. They include areas such as automation, robotics, and advanced inspection technologies, which are yet to be exploited in manufacturing sustainability assessment. Further research is needed to investigate whether the incorporation of such areas can (i) facilitate more robust and accessible assessments of manufacturing sustainability and (ii) make manufacturing systems themselves more sustainable.