The liver is the second largest organ in the body, playing a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and regulating metabolism. However, the prevalence of liver diseases has been rising steadily due to an increase in both infectious and non-infectious factors. Medicinal plants offer a remarkable opportunity to enhance our healthcare system by addressing various diseases through their ability to control oxidative stress and support metabolic processes. This revision improves readability while retaining the original meaning. In the present study, purified methanol extracts of Martynia annua and Polygonum viviparum at different concentrations were used to explore the antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential against abiotic stress on liver cells. Firstly total flavonoids and total phenolic contents of both plants were measured and then their antioxidant activities were determined through DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP assay. Moreover, bioactive compounds and in vitro hepatoprotective potential among these plants were determined through LC-MS and Liver Slice Culture assay respectively. In P. viviparum high amounts of TPC and TFC were observed with maximum antioxidant potential in terms of DPPH inhibition at 84% and high ferric-reducing ability at 240 mg/mL. The presence of different phytoconstituents like Myricetin, Gallic acid, Ferulic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Sweroside, Morroniside, Echonoside, Swertiamarin and Protocatechuic acid were confirmed in M. annua and P. viviparum in LC-MS study. The maximum hepatoprotective potential in terms of minimum cytotoxicity 6% and 9% were observed in M. annua and P. viviparum respectively. It was revealed that both plants have stunning hepatoprotective properties to prevent liver from toxicants and their related complications due to high antioxidant potential and active metabolites.

Marine bacteria represent a substantial underexplored reservoir of bioactive metabolites with significant biomedical potential. Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, this study identified four bacterial isolates associated with the marine sponge Callyspongia siphonella . They were Gammaproteobacterium , Idiomarina sp., Halomonas sp., and Oceanobacillus kapialis . The isolates were used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in an environmentally friendly way. Subsequently, the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of these nanoparticles were evaluated. All biosynthesized AgNPs were very small (7.28–13.8 nm) and effective against common pathogens, with minimum inhibitory concentrations between 8 and 16 μg/mL. The nanoparticles exhibited no detectable inhibitory activity against Candida albicans , which means that they only worked against bacteria. Cytotoxicity assays showed that the four AgNP preparations had the same IC ₅₀ values (42–44 μg/mL) and that the cytotoxic activity against rat cancer cells increased with concentration. This indicates that the physicochemical characteristics of the nanoparticles, rather than their bacterial source, predominantly affected cytotoxic efficacy. Gram staining and microscopy‐based phenotypic characterization exhibited significant concordance with molecular identification, thereby reinforcing taxonomic classifications. These findings collectively highlight marine sponge‐associated bacteria as potential bioreactors for the sustainable synthesis of bioactive AgNPs with selective antimicrobial activity and moderate cytotoxic properties.

This study reports the fabrication of a ternary HKUST/MWCNT/CA hybrid support for the immobilization of β-glucosidase and the evaluation of its catalytic and stability properties. The support was prepared by integrating HKUST with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and cellulose acetate (CA), followed by enzyme immobilization through glutaraldehyde-mediated coupling. Structural and surface characterization by XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDX, BET, and zeta potential confirmed the successful formation of the hybrid matrix and subsequent enzyme loading. The immobilization yield reached 88%, indicating efficient enzyme attachment onto the support. Nonlinear Michaelis–Menten analysis showed an increase in apparent Km after immobilization, whereas the apparent Vmax remained comparable to that of the free enzyme, indicating preservation of substantial catalytic performance. The immobilized β-glucosidase exhibited enhanced tolerance toward non-optimal conditions, retaining higher activity over broader pH and temperature ranges than the free enzyme. Notably, the optimum temperature shifted from 50 °C for the free enzyme to 60 °C after immobilization. The immobilized preparation also demonstrated good operational stability, preserving about 74% of its initial activity after 10 cycles, and excellent storage stability, retaining nearly 79% activity after 30 days at 4 °C. These findings demonstrate that HKUST/MWCNT/CA is a promising support for developing robust and reusable β-glucosidase biocatalysts.