Background: Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) is an early-stage cancerous lesion found in the fallopian tubes, often at the fimbrial end. It is strongly associated with high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), a highly aggressive type of ovarian cancer. STIC is considered a precursor to many HGSC cases, originating in the fallopian tubes. Its development is frequently linked to mutations in the TP53 gene, leading to the formation of a p53 signature, an early abnormality that may progress to HGSC. This signature is more common in BRCA mutation carriers, explaining the higher incidence of STIC in this group. The aim of this review is to evaluate the literature on the incidence of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma in patients (both BRCA-positive and BRCA-negative) undergoing preventive salpingo-oophorectomy, analysing the available data and identifying associations between specific characteristics and the onset of STIC. Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature from 2016 to 2023 was conducted using PubMed, focusing on studies analysing the incidence of STIC in BRCA-positive patients undergoing preventive salpingo-oophorectomy. Data on patient characteristics, interventions, outcomes, and incidence of STIC were extracted and analysed. Results: Nine international studies were included in the review, reporting varying incidences of STIC among patients undergoing salpingo-oophorectomy. The overall incidence of STIC in all the women included in the studies was 7.31%, while that in the BRCA-mutated women was approximately 6.08%. Notably, the presence of the TP53 signature was significantly associated with the occurrence of STIC. Conclusions: The etiopathogenesis of STIC involves complex interactions between genetic, environmental, and molecular factors. Further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms and identify additional risk factors beyond BRCA mutations. Establishing a national database of STIC cases could facilitate future research and improve patient outcomes.

Background: This multicentric prospective study was carried out at Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio Medico and Ospedale di Stato of St. Marino Republic. Between 1 January 2019, and 31 December 2022, all pre- and post-menopausal women diagnosed with recurrent, post-coital, and interstitial cystitis at both centers were included in the study. The main aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of vaginal CO₂ laser treatment, alone or combined with intravesical hyaluronic acid instillations, in managing cystitis symptoms, such as dysuria, pollakiuria, and urgency, across the entire patient cohort. The secondary objective was to investigate the reduction in number of annual cystitis episodes post-treatment. Methods: Each woman underwent three to four sessions of micro-ablative CO₂ vaginal laser treatment. A follow-up examination was conducted 12 months after the final laser session (up to December 2023), during which a post-treatment VAS assessment evaluated dysuria, daily pollakiuria, and urgency. The enrolled patients recorded the number of cystitis episodes experienced during the 12-month pre- and post-treatment period. Results: Results indicated the laser’s efficacy in reducing the total number of cystitis episodes per year and an improvement in symptoms up to one year post-treatment. Greater efficacy of the CO₂ laser treatment, particularly when combined with intravesical hyaluronic acid instillation, was observed in both pre- and post- menopausal women. Conclusions: Fractional CO₂ laser therapy represents a safe and efficacious, non-hormonal approach for pre- and post-menopausal women diagnosed with recurrent, post-coital, and interstitial cystitis.