Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecological malignancy, with rising incidence and mortality rates. Key risk factors, including obesity, prolonged estrogen exposure, and metabolic disorders, underscore the urgent need for non-invasive, early diagnostic tools. This review focuses on the role of DNA methylation as a potential biomarker for early EC detection. Aberrant DNA methylation in the promoter regions of tumor suppressor genes can lead to gene silencing and cancer progression. We examine recent studies utilizing minimally invasive samples, such as urine, cervicovaginal, and cervical scrapes, to detect early-stage EC through DNA methylation patterns. Markers such as RASSF1A, HIST1H4F, GHSR, SST, and ZIC1 have demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy, with AUC values up to 0.95, effectively distinguishing EC from non-cancerous conditions. This review highlights the potential of DNA methylation-based testing as a non-invasive alternative to traditional diagnostic methods, offering earlier detection, better risk stratification, and more personalized treatment plans. These innovations hold the promise of transforming clinical practice by enabling more timely and effective management of endometrial cancer.

Background/Objectives: To report the cosmetic, clinical, and visual outcomes of a combined surgical approach for treating a corneal/limbal dermoid using excision and a three-layered amniotic membrane graft with fibrin glue. Methods: An 18-year-old female presented with impaired vision and ocular discomfort caused by a prominent dome-shaped limbal congenital dermoid on the inferotemporal cornea, resulting in a significant aesthetic concern. A full assessment, including refraction, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), corneal topography, aberrometry and anterior segment OCT (AS-OCT) was conducted to plan the surgical approach. The dermoid was excised under peribulbar anaesthesia using manual lamellar dissection, followed by the application of 0.02% Mitomycin C and a multilayered amniotic membrane graft with fibrin glue. A bandage contact lens was applied and removed after three weeks, with postoperative treatment including topical antibiotics and steroids. Follow-ups were conducted on day 1, at 1 week, 3 weeks, 2 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years. Results: Histopathological examination confirmed the mesoblastic nature of the lesion. Significant improvements in BCVA and ocular symptoms were observed. Corneal topography showed ocular surface regularization with reduction of high order aberrations and point spread function. AS-OCT showed complete integration of the amniotic membrane, with full epithelial coverage of the defect. The healing process was uneventful and the ocular surface remained stable throughout the entire follow-up, without complications or recurrence. Conclusions: This approach of dermoid excision, multilayered amniotic membrane and fibrin glue restored vision effectively, with notable improvements in ocular surface and cosmetic outcomes, without recurrence over two years.

Objective: To evaluate the safety, efficacy, and adaptability of cryoablation (CA) as a minimally invasive treatment for renal tumors, particularly in high-risk patients managed in a small healthcare center. Cryoablation is a minimally invasive therapeutic technique used to treat tumors in various organs, including the lung, kidney, liver, breast, bone, and pancreas, as well as metastases. It employs extremely low temperatures to destroy tumor tissue, with potential systemic effects due to the release of tumor antigens. The procedure, guided by advanced imaging, involves positioning cryoprobes to create a targeted “ice ball” around the tumor. Methods: Between January 2023 and October 2024, six patients with renal tumors were treated with cryoablation at the Interventional Radiology Division of Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy. Cases included patients with advanced age, significant comorbidities, or contraindications to surgery. Tumor sizes ranged from 16 to 34 mm, involving both exophytic and central lesions. Cryoablation was performed under CT or CBCT guidance, using advanced techniques such as hydrodissection and tailored cryoprobes to ensure safe and precise ablation. Clinical outcomes and recurrence rates were assessed over a follow-up period of 6–15 months (mean 12.33 ± 3.50 months). Results: Cryoablation achieved a 100% technical success rate with no major complications. Imaging follow-up confirmed complete tumor ablation in all cases, with no evidence of recurrence. The technique demonstrated versatility in managing various clinical scenarios, including an atrophic native kidney in a kidney transplant patient, obesity, and lesions near critical structures. Patients experienced minimal recovery times and were discharged shortly after the procedure. Conclusion: Cryoablation is a safe and effective nephron-sparing technique for small renal masses, offering excellent oncological control and rapid recovery, even in high-risk patients. Its minimally invasive nature and adaptability underscore its value as a cornerstone of modern oncology care, particularly in small healthcare centers. Further research is warranted to evaluate long-term outcomes and expand its application in broader clinical contexts.

Purpose: Giant inguinal hernias (GIHs) are rare and technically demanding conditions, associated with loss of domain and abdominal wall compliance. Preoperative botulinum toxin type A (BtxA) has been increasingly used in complex ventral hernia repair to facilitate abdominal wall relaxation; however, its role in GIHs surgery remains poorly defined. This scoping review aimed to map the literature on preoperative BtxA use in GIHs repair, focusing on technical protocols, patient selection, and areas of variability. Methods: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines. MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from inception to 10 October 2025. Studies reporting preoperative BtxA administration in adult patients undergoing GIHs repair were included. Data were extracted descriptively and synthesized narratively. Results: Seven observational and non-comparative studies published between 2019–2025 were included, comprising a total of 16 patients. Substantial heterogeneity was observed in BtxA protocols, with total doses ranging from 100 to 450 units, injection timing between 2 and 8 weeks preoperatively, and injection sites varying from 6 to 18. In several reports, BtxA was used as part of a multimodal preoperative strategy including progressive pneumoperitoneum. All studies targeted the lateral abdominal wall musculature, employed imaging guidance, and performed bilateral injections. Patient selection criteria and outcome reporting were inconsistent. Conclusions: Preoperative BtxA use in GIHs repair is limited and heterogeneous. No standardized protocol can be identified. Further anatomically focused and systematically designed studies are required to clarify the role of BtxA and to establish standardized preoperative protocols for this challenging surgical condition.

For decades RAS mutations represented a chimera for drug developers, as all efforts put into attempting to pharmacologically inhibit them failed. Finally, in recent years, the advent of the KRAS G12C inhibitors sotorasib and adagrasib pushed the development of several new drugs; therefore, the landscape of RAS inhibitors evolved and now includes several compounds with different mechanisms of action. In this review we provide an updated summary of RAS inhibitor drugs, detailing their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and toxicity profile as well as efficacy studies.