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Prof. Andrea Kruse
Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources, Universität Hohenheim / University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany

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0 Hydrothermal Carbonization
0 carbon materials
0 Nutrient Recovery
0 Hydrothermal Liquefaction
0 Hydrothermal conversion

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Hydrothermal Carbonization
Hydrothermal gasification
Hydrothermal Liquefaction
Hydrothermal conversion
carbon materials
Nutrient Recovery
Platform-chemicals from biomass

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Journal article
Published: 02 August 2021 in Electronic Materials
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Bio-based activated carbons with very high specific surface area of >3.000 m² g−1 (based on CO2 adsorption isotherms) and a high proportion of micropores (87% of total SSA) are produced by corncobs via pyrolysis and chemical activation with KOH. The activated carbon is further doped with different proportions of the highly pseudocapacitive transition metal oxide RuO2 to obtain enhanced electrochemical properties and tune the materials for the application in electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLC) (supercapacitors). The activated carbon and composites are extensively studied regarding their physico-chemical and electrochemical properties. The results show that the composite containing 40 wt.% RuO2 has an electric conductivity of 408 S m−1 and a specific capacitance of 360 Fg−1. SEM-EDX, XPS, and XRD analysis confirm the homogenous distribution of partly crystalline RuO2 particles on the carbon surface, which leads to a biobased composite material with enhanced electrochemical properties.

ACS Style

Viola Hoffmann; Catalina Rodriguez Correa; Saskia Sachs; Andrea Del Pilar Sandoval-Rojas; Mo Qiao; Avery Brown; Michael Zimmermann; Jenny Rodriguez Estupiñan; Maria Cortes; Juan Moreno Pirajan; Maria-Magdalena Titirici; Andrea Kruse. Activated Carbon from Corncobs Doped with RuO2 as Biobased Electrode Material. Electronic Materials 2021, 2, 324 -343.

AMA Style

Viola Hoffmann, Catalina Rodriguez Correa, Saskia Sachs, Andrea Del Pilar Sandoval-Rojas, Mo Qiao, Avery Brown, Michael Zimmermann, Jenny Rodriguez Estupiñan, Maria Cortes, Juan Moreno Pirajan, Maria-Magdalena Titirici, Andrea Kruse. Activated Carbon from Corncobs Doped with RuO2 as Biobased Electrode Material. Electronic Materials. 2021; 2 (3):324-343.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Viola Hoffmann; Catalina Rodriguez Correa; Saskia Sachs; Andrea Del Pilar Sandoval-Rojas; Mo Qiao; Avery Brown; Michael Zimmermann; Jenny Rodriguez Estupiñan; Maria Cortes; Juan Moreno Pirajan; Maria-Magdalena Titirici; Andrea Kruse. 2021. "Activated Carbon from Corncobs Doped with RuO2 as Biobased Electrode Material." Electronic Materials 2, no. 3: 324-343.

Research article
Published: 21 May 2021 in Energy & Fuels
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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) presents a promising technology to recover energy from sewage sludge and manure as bio-crude oil. The liquid and solid phases after HTL are considered as byproducts; however, the latter is rich in nutrients, which offers a possibility for nutrient recovery and manufacturing of valuable products. This study focuses on the simultaneous recovery of phosphate and ammoniacal nitrogen as struvite by combining the liquid HTL byproduct and leachate from the solid HTL byproduct. To implement a flexible struvite-producing unit, the effect of an inlet-mixed solution composition on the struvite precipitation was investigated on a laboratory scale and preferable operating conditions were identified. These operating conditions were used afterward to evaluate and adapt an air-agitated system for struvite precipitation subsequent to the HTL production chain. Moreover, the precipitation process in the air-agitated system was evaluated using synthetic model solutions compared to real HTL byproducts to offer insight into the effect of impurities on the product quality. The product, which has a struvite content of more than 75 wt %, was manufactured from the HTL byproducts of manure and sewage sludge as well. It has potential for use as a fertilizer based on its elemental composition but the use of citric acid was found to be effective to improve the quality of the product, especially of sewage sludge. The results showed that the air-agitated system could be effectively implemented in the HTL production chain. It has the potential to enhance features of the product, leading to a ready-to-use fertilizer in shape (particle size) and quality (struvite content).

ACS Style

Ekaterina Ovsyannikova; Andrea Kruse; Gero C. Becker. Valorization of Byproducts from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Sewage Sludge and Manure: the Development of a Struvite-Producing Unit for Nutrient Recovery. Energy & Fuels 2021, 35, 9408 -9423.

AMA Style

Ekaterina Ovsyannikova, Andrea Kruse, Gero C. Becker. Valorization of Byproducts from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Sewage Sludge and Manure: the Development of a Struvite-Producing Unit for Nutrient Recovery. Energy & Fuels. 2021; 35 (11):9408-9423.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ekaterina Ovsyannikova; Andrea Kruse; Gero C. Becker. 2021. "Valorization of Byproducts from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Sewage Sludge and Manure: the Development of a Struvite-Producing Unit for Nutrient Recovery." Energy & Fuels 35, no. 11: 9408-9423.

Journal article
Published: 05 April 2021 in Bioresource Technology
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The biogas digestate from anaerobic digestion of cow manure and energy crops was treated by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at 210 °C for 0.5 to 5 hours to understand the effect of HTC residence time on the combustion characteristics of hydrochar and the biogas production of process water. The increase in HTC residence time slightly reduced the higher heating values (16.3-16.0 MJ/kg) but improved most slagging and fouling indices of the hydrochar. However, the slagging and fouling during hydrochar combustion were almost impossible to avoid. The specific methane yield of the process water was not significantly influenced by the HTC residence time. Energy assessment demonstrated that HTC for 0.5 h achieved the highest process efficiency and net energy gain when the combustion energy was obtained from hydrochar and CH4 (from process water). Therefore, the HTC condition of 210 °C, 0.5 h is suggested to valorize biogas digestate for energy production.

ACS Style

Zebin Cao; Benedikt Hülsemann; Dominik Wüst; Hans Oechsner; Armin Lautenbach; Andrea Kruse. Effect of residence time during hydrothermal carbonization of biogas digestate on the combustion characteristics of hydrochar and the biogas production of process water. Bioresource Technology 2021, 333, 125110 .

AMA Style

Zebin Cao, Benedikt Hülsemann, Dominik Wüst, Hans Oechsner, Armin Lautenbach, Andrea Kruse. Effect of residence time during hydrothermal carbonization of biogas digestate on the combustion characteristics of hydrochar and the biogas production of process water. Bioresource Technology. 2021; 333 ():125110.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zebin Cao; Benedikt Hülsemann; Dominik Wüst; Hans Oechsner; Armin Lautenbach; Andrea Kruse. 2021. "Effect of residence time during hydrothermal carbonization of biogas digestate on the combustion characteristics of hydrochar and the biogas production of process water." Bioresource Technology 333, no. : 125110.

Original research paper
Published: 22 February 2021 in Fuel Cells
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Corncob pyrochar activated with steam (CCA) and nonactivated corncob pyrochar (NCC) were produced and characterized. The performance of the best material was tested in a dual‐chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) as an electrode for bioelectricity generation using wet torrefaction wastewater as substrate. Pyrolysis of 80.3 g of dried corncobs was carried out at 600°C under a constant N2 flow of 3 L min−1 for 30 min and the resulting pyrochar was activated using steam also at 600°C. Voltage and current outputs from the MFC were recorded daily for 18 days. The proximate and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyses revealed that CCA had the highest fixed carbon content of 71.9 % and higher surface area of 104.0 m2 g−1 respectively. A larger pore diameter of 1.9 × 10−3 µm was also recorded with the CCA than 1.2 × 10−3 µm for NCC. The MFC produced a maximum power output of 21.5 mW. The physicochemical analyses of the wastewater effluent revealed an increased electrical conductivity from 1724 to 3460 µS cm−1 with a significant decrease by 91.9% in the total organic carbon (TOC) from 3700 to 298 mg L−1. Steam activation increases the surface area, porosity, stability and redox reversibility of the corncob pyrochar. Therefore, steam‐activated corncob pyrochar performed well in MFCs due to the high power output observed.

ACS Style

Bishir Musa; Pablo José Arauzo; Maciej Pawel Olszewski; Andrea Kruse. Electricity generation in microbial fuel cell from wet torrefaction wastewater and locally developed corncob electrodes. Fuel Cells 2021, 21, 182 -194.

AMA Style

Bishir Musa, Pablo José Arauzo, Maciej Pawel Olszewski, Andrea Kruse. Electricity generation in microbial fuel cell from wet torrefaction wastewater and locally developed corncob electrodes. Fuel Cells. 2021; 21 (2):182-194.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bishir Musa; Pablo José Arauzo; Maciej Pawel Olszewski; Andrea Kruse. 2021. "Electricity generation in microbial fuel cell from wet torrefaction wastewater and locally developed corncob electrodes." Fuel Cells 21, no. 2: 182-194.

Journal article
Published: 09 January 2021 in Materials Science for Energy Technologies
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The functionalization of sustainable carbon materials and their application in energy storage systems attract more and more relevancy. Bakery waste and spent coffee grounds were chosen as abundant organic residues and found to be suitable starting materials for hydrothermal carbonization and a subsequent chemical activation obtaining carbon contents of > 88 %. In situ doping of the hydrochars during carbonization has proven to be a successful method for insertion of Fe2O3-, Fe3O4- and MnO2-Nanoparticles into the carbon matrix, supported by XRD analysis and SEM images. Chemical activation with K2CO3 led to iron contents up to 18 % of iron and around 8 % of manganese, respectively, in the corresponding activated carbon. Electrochemical characterization revealed overall higher specific capacitance for activated carbons derived from spent coffee grounds, with a highest of 87 F*g-1. In contrast, the highest specific capacitance measured for activated carbons originated from bakery waste was 40,3 F*g-1.

ACS Style

Philipp Konnerth; Dennis Jung; Jan W. Straten; Klaus Raffelt; Andrea Kruse. Metal oxide-doped activated carbons from bakery waste and coffee grounds for application in supercapacitors. Materials Science for Energy Technologies 2021, 4, 69 -80.

AMA Style

Philipp Konnerth, Dennis Jung, Jan W. Straten, Klaus Raffelt, Andrea Kruse. Metal oxide-doped activated carbons from bakery waste and coffee grounds for application in supercapacitors. Materials Science for Energy Technologies. 2021; 4 ():69-80.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Philipp Konnerth; Dennis Jung; Jan W. Straten; Klaus Raffelt; Andrea Kruse. 2021. "Metal oxide-doped activated carbons from bakery waste and coffee grounds for application in supercapacitors." Materials Science for Energy Technologies 4, no. : 69-80.

Editorial
Published: 28 December 2020 in Energies
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Hydrothermal processing (HTP) has gained a large amount of attention from the scientific community, the industrial stakeholders, and the economic operators given the significant technology and process developments that have occurred during the last decade

ACS Style

David Chiaramonti; Andrea Kruse; Marco Klemm. Special Issue “Hydrothermal Technology in Biomass Utilization & Conversion II”. Energies 2020, 14, 103 .

AMA Style

David Chiaramonti, Andrea Kruse, Marco Klemm. Special Issue “Hydrothermal Technology in Biomass Utilization & Conversion II”. Energies. 2020; 14 (1):103.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Chiaramonti; Andrea Kruse; Marco Klemm. 2020. "Special Issue “Hydrothermal Technology in Biomass Utilization & Conversion II”." Energies 14, no. 1: 103.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2020 in Processes
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For the production of sugars and biobased platform chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass, the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicelluloses to water-soluble sugars is a crucial step. As the complex structure of lignocellulosic biomass hinders an efficient hydrolysis via acid hydrolysis, a suitable pretreatment strategy is of special importance. The pretreatment steam explosion was intended to increase the accessibility of the cellulose fibers so that the subsequent acid hydrolysis of the cellulose to glucose would take place in a shorter time. Steam explosion pretreatment was performed with beech wood chips at varying severities with different reaction times (25–34 min) and maximum temperatures (186–223 °C). However, the subsequent acid hydrolysis step of steam-exploded residue was performed at constant settings at 180 °C with diluted sulfuric acid. The concentration profiles of the main water-soluble hydrolysis products were recorded. We showed in this study that the defibration of the macrofibrils in the lignocellulose structure during steam explosion does not lead to an increased rate of cellulose hydrolysis. So, steam explosion is not a suitable pretreatment for acid hydrolysis of hardwood lignocellulosic biomass.

ACS Style

David Steinbach; Andrea Kruse; Jörg Sauer; Jonas Storz. Is Steam Explosion a Promising Pretreatment for Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass? Processes 2020, 8, 1626 .

AMA Style

David Steinbach, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, Jonas Storz. Is Steam Explosion a Promising Pretreatment for Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass? Processes. 2020; 8 (12):1626.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Steinbach; Andrea Kruse; Jörg Sauer; Jonas Storz. 2020. "Is Steam Explosion a Promising Pretreatment for Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass?" Processes 8, no. 12: 1626.

Original article
Published: 31 October 2020 in Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
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Chicory (Cichorium intybus var. foliosum) roots are an agricultural residue and a low cost feedstock for the production of the platform chemical 5-Hxdroxymethylfurfural (HMF). In a first step, inulin and fructose have to be extracted from the roots. The resulting aqueous extract represents the starting material for the HMF production. In the reaction to HMF, inulin has to be hydrolyzed first to fructose. For this reason, two methods to increase the fructose content in these extracts before the reaction were investigated. This was conducted within the framework of integrating acid hydrolysis into a biorefinery process for HMF production. The first method (one-step process) was acid-assisted extraction to directly hydrolyze inulin in the course of the extraction process. Chicory roots were extracted at 60 and 80 °C at pH 2 and 4 using buffer solutions. The second approach (two-step process) was aqueous extraction at neutral pH followed by nitric acid hydrolysis of the extract at 60 and 80 °C under reduced pH. It was found that in the first approach, the pH of 2 led to a fivefold increase in the fructose content of the extract, resulting from inulin hydrolysis and corresponding to 56% of theoretical fructose yield. For the second approach, it was possible to achieve complete hydrolysis at pH below 2.5 and at 80 °C. Separating extraction and hydrolysis was found to be more suitable in terms of including this process step into a biorefinery concept for HMF production. It was possible to reduce the initial inulin content by 95%.

ACS Style

Katrin Stökle; Dennis Jung; Andrea Kruse. Acid-assisted extraction and hydrolysis of inulin from chicory roots to obtain fructose-enriched extracts. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 2020, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Katrin Stökle, Dennis Jung, Andrea Kruse. Acid-assisted extraction and hydrolysis of inulin from chicory roots to obtain fructose-enriched extracts. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2020; ():1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katrin Stökle; Dennis Jung; Andrea Kruse. 2020. "Acid-assisted extraction and hydrolysis of inulin from chicory roots to obtain fructose-enriched extracts." Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery , no. : 1-12.

Original article
Published: 21 October 2020 in Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
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Liquefied dimethyl ether (DME) is regarded as a promising, green solvent for biomass lipid extractions. It is non-toxic, applicable to wet feedstocks, and allows easy product separation by pressure reduction. Yet, knowledge about its usability in combination with oleaginous microalgae is limited. In the current work, four common microalgae and cyanobacteria species were used to study DME extraction characteristics: Arthrospira platensis, Nannochloropsis gaditana, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Scenedesmus almeriensis. Dried samples were subjected to a batch DME extraction and compared to a standard chloroform/methanol procedure. To evaluate the influence of pretreatment, particle size distributions of two different milling sequences (knife- and cryo-milling) and the resulting effects on DME extraction and oil composition were addressed. Additionally, an algae washing procedure was tested. DME extractions resulted in oil yields of 0.5–2.7% of dry mass (equal to 5–19% of total lipids) without further pretreatment. Cryo-milling reduced median particle sizes by 25–87% and simultaneously increased lipid yields to 1.7–5.6% of dry mass (17–50% of total lipids). Phaeodactylum tricornutum showed the highest extraction efficiency with DME, combined with a favorable fatty acid profile. Although being most affected by the additional milling pretreatment, Arthrospira platensis performed worst in both scenarios. DME extracted oils were generally characterized by enhanced contents of C14:0, C16:0, and C16:1 fatty acids. However, relative abundances were strongly influenced by the properties of the tested algae species. The additional cryo-milling pretreatment affected fatty acid compositions by increasing the shares of potentially valuable polyunsaturated fatty acids.

ACS Style

Manuel C. Bauer; Philipp Konnerth; Andrea Kruse. Extraction of common microalgae by liquefied dimethyl ether: influence of species and pretreatment on oil yields and composition. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 2020, 1 -18.

AMA Style

Manuel C. Bauer, Philipp Konnerth, Andrea Kruse. Extraction of common microalgae by liquefied dimethyl ether: influence of species and pretreatment on oil yields and composition. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2020; ():1-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manuel C. Bauer; Philipp Konnerth; Andrea Kruse. 2020. "Extraction of common microalgae by liquefied dimethyl ether: influence of species and pretreatment on oil yields and composition." Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery , no. : 1-18.

Research article
Published: 18 September 2020 in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
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In this study, the fate of carbon and nutrient elements; nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was investigated during the HTC of three model solutions with different nutrient concentrations to mimic biogas residues from silage and cattle manure. HTC was conducted at 180 °C, 220 °C, 240 °C, and 260 °C for 3 hour reaction time. ICP-OES, GC, IC, and chemical analysis methods were utilized to measure fertilizing elements in HTC products. The distribution of nutrients between HTC product phases was significantly influenced by the compositions of the initial feedstock before HTC. The incorporation of nitrogen to the HC depends on the nitrogen-containing compounds during HTC; the chemical bonding was the main mechanism for the incorporation of NH4-N into the HC during HTC, the sorption of NH4-N to the HC occurred, however in a less extent (0.8% - 7.4%). Most of the NO3-N stayed in the liquid phase during HTC (78% - 87%), and the sorption (adsorption/salts precipitation) was confirmed to be the mechanism for the recovery of NO3-N to the HC during HTC. The uptake of N to the HC is limited, and it depends on the availability of carbon network in the HC, the correlation coefficient between HC formation and the recovery of bonded N to the HC showed a high linear regression coefficient R2 = 0.90 – 0.91. However, the recovery of N to the HC via sorption showed less correlation to HC formation during HTC (R2 = 0.35 - 0.54). Most of dissolved K+ (99%) stayed in the liquid phase during HTC. Due to the absence of metal associations in this work, most of the dissolved PO43- (99%) stayed in the liquid phase during HTC, which proved that controlling metal cations in the feedstock before HTC has a considerable influence on the distribution of phosphate between the PW and HC.

ACS Style

Muhammad-Jamal Alhnidi; Dominik Wüst; Axel Funke; Liu Hang; Andrea Kruse. Fate of Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Potassium during Hydrothermal Carbonization and the Potential for Nutrient Recovery. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2020, 8, 15507 -15516.

AMA Style

Muhammad-Jamal Alhnidi, Dominik Wüst, Axel Funke, Liu Hang, Andrea Kruse. Fate of Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Potassium during Hydrothermal Carbonization and the Potential for Nutrient Recovery. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2020; 8 (41):15507-15516.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad-Jamal Alhnidi; Dominik Wüst; Axel Funke; Liu Hang; Andrea Kruse. 2020. "Fate of Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Potassium during Hydrothermal Carbonization and the Potential for Nutrient Recovery." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, no. 41: 15507-15516.

Journal article
Published: 27 August 2020 in Molecules
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The growing importance of bio-based products, combined with the desire to decrease the production of wastes, boosts the necessity to use wastes as raw materials for bio-based products. A waste material with a large potential is spent sugar beets, which are mainly used as animal feeds or fertilizers. After hydrothermal treatment, the produced chars exhibited an H/C ratio of 1.2 and a higher heating value of 22.7 MJ/kg, which were similar to that of subbituminous coal and higher than that of lignite. Moreover, the treatment of 25 g/L of glucose and 22 g/L of fructose by heating up to 160 °C led to a possible application of spent sugar beets for the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. In the present study, the maximum concentration of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was 3.4 g/L after heating up to 200 °C.

ACS Style

Jens Pfersich; Pablo J. Arauzo; Michela Lucian; Pierpaolo Modugno; Maria-Magdalena Titirici; Luca Fiori; Andrea Kruse. Hydrothermal Conversion of Spent Sugar Beets into High-Value Platform Molecules. Molecules 2020, 25, 3914 .

AMA Style

Jens Pfersich, Pablo J. Arauzo, Michela Lucian, Pierpaolo Modugno, Maria-Magdalena Titirici, Luca Fiori, Andrea Kruse. Hydrothermal Conversion of Spent Sugar Beets into High-Value Platform Molecules. Molecules. 2020; 25 (17):3914.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jens Pfersich; Pablo J. Arauzo; Michela Lucian; Pierpaolo Modugno; Maria-Magdalena Titirici; Luca Fiori; Andrea Kruse. 2020. "Hydrothermal Conversion of Spent Sugar Beets into High-Value Platform Molecules." Molecules 25, no. 17: 3914.

Journal article
Published: 12 August 2020 in Energies
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In this paper, hydrochars and pyrochars were produced at 260 °C under different residence times (2 and 4 h) using anaerobic digested sewage sludge (SSL) as initial feedstock. The effect of reaction time on the fuel properties of hydrochars and pyrochars was evaluated. Moreover, the combustion kinetics of raw SSL and the derived pyrochars and hydrochars without coal blending were determined at two different air flows (20 and 90 mL/min) and compared. In the same conditions, the yield of hydrochar was significantly lower than that of pyrochar, confirming the different reaction pathways followed in each process. The results showed hydrochars have lower carbon recovery and energy yield than pyrochars, making the latter more suitable for energy purposes. The thermogravimetric combustion study showed that both thermochemical treatments increased the ignition temperature but decreased the burnout temperature, which results in higher stability during handling and storage. However, raw SSL is better for combustion than hydrochar according to the combustibility index. In addition, the kinetic study showed that the activation energy of the combustion of biochars, especially pyrochar, is lower than that of raw SSL, which is advantageous for their combustion.

ACS Style

Pablo J. Arauzo; María Atienza-Martínez; Javier Ábrego; Maciej P. Olszewski; Zebin Cao; Andrea Kruse. Combustion Characteristics of Hydrochar and Pyrochar Derived from Digested Sewage Sludge. Energies 2020, 13, 4164 .

AMA Style

Pablo J. Arauzo, María Atienza-Martínez, Javier Ábrego, Maciej P. Olszewski, Zebin Cao, Andrea Kruse. Combustion Characteristics of Hydrochar and Pyrochar Derived from Digested Sewage Sludge. Energies. 2020; 13 (16):4164.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pablo J. Arauzo; María Atienza-Martínez; Javier Ábrego; Maciej P. Olszewski; Zebin Cao; Andrea Kruse. 2020. "Combustion Characteristics of Hydrochar and Pyrochar Derived from Digested Sewage Sludge." Energies 13, no. 16: 4164.

Journal article
Published: 22 July 2020 in Energy Conversion and Management
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This study proposed a novel bioeconomy concept of combining two-stage anaerobic digestion (TSAD) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). The maize silage digestate from the acidification reactor (AR) of the TSAD was hydrothermally carbonized at 180, 200, and 220 °C for 30 min. This was followed by the biogas potential test of the process water and the co-digestion test of the hydrolysate (the liquid product from the AR) and the process water (180 °C). The results show that higher HTC temperatures resulted in lower yield, volatile matter content, and comprehensive combustibility index of the hydrochars. The COD, TOC, and specific methane yield of the process water decreased when increasing the HTC temperature. The modified Gompertz equation successfully described the methane formation of the aqueous samples. The process water from HTC at 180 °C obtained the highest specific methane yield (278 mL CH4/g COD). The highest total energy recovery from hydrochar and process water (methane production) was also achieved at 180 °C. The co-digestion test shows the feasibility of circularly coupling TSAD and HTC, while further optimization is still needed.

ACS Style

Zebin Cao; Benedikt Hülsemann; Dominik Wüst; Lukas Illi; Hans Oechsner; Andrea Kruse. Valorization of maize silage digestate from two-stage anaerobic digestion by hydrothermal carbonization. Energy Conversion and Management 2020, 222, 113218 .

AMA Style

Zebin Cao, Benedikt Hülsemann, Dominik Wüst, Lukas Illi, Hans Oechsner, Andrea Kruse. Valorization of maize silage digestate from two-stage anaerobic digestion by hydrothermal carbonization. Energy Conversion and Management. 2020; 222 ():113218.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zebin Cao; Benedikt Hülsemann; Dominik Wüst; Lukas Illi; Hans Oechsner; Andrea Kruse. 2020. "Valorization of maize silage digestate from two-stage anaerobic digestion by hydrothermal carbonization." Energy Conversion and Management 222, no. : 113218.

Journal article
Published: 16 July 2020 in Bioresource Technology Reports
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Beechwood was fractionated using a two-stage process approach followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the obtained pulp. Where most of the xylan was recovered by the prehydrolysis in the first stage, while the most lignin was recovered in the subsequent organosolv delignification. Close to 85.8 wt% of the original xylan was recovered (prehydrolysis: 150 °C, 90 min, and 20 mM H2SO4) compared to 8.9 wt% of the original xylan in case of organosolv, without the prehydrolysis stage (organosolv: 150 °C, 70 min, 50% w/w aqueous ethanol, and 20 mM H2SO4). Low severity prehydrolysis was found to enhance the lignin yield by organosolv delignification (the maximum lignin yield obtained was 82.7 wt% of the original lignin), which implies that the lignin recondensation was reduced during the prehydrolysis. Prehydrolysis substantially improved the enzymatic cellulose digestibility from 56.74 g/L, after organosolv without prehydrolysis to 86.75 g/L.

ACS Style

Qusay Ibrahim; Andrea Kruse. Prehydrolysis and organosolv delignification process for the recovery of hemicellulose and lignin from beech wood. Bioresource Technology Reports 2020, 11, 100506 .

AMA Style

Qusay Ibrahim, Andrea Kruse. Prehydrolysis and organosolv delignification process for the recovery of hemicellulose and lignin from beech wood. Bioresource Technology Reports. 2020; 11 ():100506.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qusay Ibrahim; Andrea Kruse. 2020. "Prehydrolysis and organosolv delignification process for the recovery of hemicellulose and lignin from beech wood." Bioresource Technology Reports 11, no. : 100506.

Research article
Published: 07 July 2020 in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
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The utilization of biomass and development of intensified processes are essential to establish a sustainable production of chemicals in the future. Herein, we report on a strategy that allows one to directly convert the biomass-derived platform molecule 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) over Au/ZrO2 in aqueous medium to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), a renewable building block for biobased polymers like polyethylene furanoate. The focus lies on identifying the influence of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural synthesis byproducts, like unconverted sugars, levulinic acid, and formic acid as well as the remaining inorganics, on the synthesis of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid to save the intermediate step of HMF purification. These components were added to the reaction mixture individually and in combination to study their effect. Although most of these substances lowered the FDCA yield, the reaction conditions could be optimized to produce FDCA quantitatively. Only the addition of levulinic acid led to a severe deterioration of the production of FDCA, which was attributed to poisoning of the catalyst. In a realistic technical scenario, the direct oxidation of impure HMF from unconcentrated sugar syrup in high FDCA yield (74%) was demonstrated. Catalyst stability was investigated in the presence of sugars. On the basis of these studies, highly needed recommendations for the HMF synthesis were developed to establish a more sustainable, technically feasible, and intensified process for direct FDCA production from sugars at industrial scales.

ACS Style

Weiss Naim; Oliver R. Schade; Erisa Saraçi; Dominik Wüst; Andrea Kruse; Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt. Toward an Intensified Process of Biomass-Derived Monomers: The Influence of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural Byproducts on the Gold-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2020, 8, 11512 -11521.

AMA Style

Weiss Naim, Oliver R. Schade, Erisa Saraçi, Dominik Wüst, Andrea Kruse, Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt. Toward an Intensified Process of Biomass-Derived Monomers: The Influence of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural Byproducts on the Gold-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2020; 8 (31):11512-11521.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weiss Naim; Oliver R. Schade; Erisa Saraçi; Dominik Wüst; Andrea Kruse; Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt. 2020. "Toward an Intensified Process of Biomass-Derived Monomers: The Influence of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural Byproducts on the Gold-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, no. 31: 11512-11521.

Journal article
Published: 24 June 2020 in Bioresource Technology
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Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was evaluated as a promising treatment to enhance the biomethane potential during anaerobic digestion (AD) of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). The OFMSW was carbonized at different conditions and HTC products were tested for biomethane potential into AD. Results proved that the use of HTC liquid and slurry into AD led to an increase in biomethane production up to 37% and 363%, respectively, compared to OFMSW. Methane production increased as the HTC process severity decreased, reaching its maximum at 180 °C, 1 h for both HTC products. Energy assessment demonstrated that the combustion of biogas produced by AD of HTC liquid and slurries covers up to 30% and 104% of the HTC thermal demand, respectively. When the energy from hydrochar and biogas combustion was recovered, the process efficiency reached 60%. Hence, HTC coupled with AD demonstrates to be an efficient way to valorize OFMSW.

ACS Style

Michela Lucian; Maurizio Volpe; Fabio Merzari; Dominik Wüst; Andrea Kruse; Gianni Andreottola; Luca Fiori. Hydrothermal carbonization coupled with anaerobic digestion for the valorization of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Bioresource Technology 2020, 314, 123734 .

AMA Style

Michela Lucian, Maurizio Volpe, Fabio Merzari, Dominik Wüst, Andrea Kruse, Gianni Andreottola, Luca Fiori. Hydrothermal carbonization coupled with anaerobic digestion for the valorization of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Bioresource Technology. 2020; 314 ():123734.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michela Lucian; Maurizio Volpe; Fabio Merzari; Dominik Wüst; Andrea Kruse; Gianni Andreottola; Luca Fiori. 2020. "Hydrothermal carbonization coupled with anaerobic digestion for the valorization of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste." Bioresource Technology 314, no. : 123734.

Paper
Published: 19 June 2020 in Green Chemistry
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Influence of exogenous and endogenous factors on phosphorus solid–liquid transformation during the hydrothermal processing of swine manure.

ACS Style

Yaxin Deng; Tao Zhang; James Clark; Tejraj Aminabhavi; Andrea Kruse; Daniel C. W. Tsang; Brajendra K. Sharma; Fusuo Zhang; Hongqiang Ren. Mechanisms and modelling of phosphorus solid–liquid transformation during the hydrothermal processing of swine manure. Green Chemistry 2020, 22, 5628 -5638.

AMA Style

Yaxin Deng, Tao Zhang, James Clark, Tejraj Aminabhavi, Andrea Kruse, Daniel C. W. Tsang, Brajendra K. Sharma, Fusuo Zhang, Hongqiang Ren. Mechanisms and modelling of phosphorus solid–liquid transformation during the hydrothermal processing of swine manure. Green Chemistry. 2020; 22 (17):5628-5638.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yaxin Deng; Tao Zhang; James Clark; Tejraj Aminabhavi; Andrea Kruse; Daniel C. W. Tsang; Brajendra K. Sharma; Fusuo Zhang; Hongqiang Ren. 2020. "Mechanisms and modelling of phosphorus solid–liquid transformation during the hydrothermal processing of swine manure." Green Chemistry 22, no. 17: 5628-5638.

Journal article
Published: 28 May 2020 in Processes
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The isomerization of glucose-containing hydrolysates to fructose is a key step in the process from lignocellulosic biomass to the platform chemical hydroxymethylfurfural. We investigated the isomerization reaction of glucose to fructose in water catalyzed by hydrotalcite. Catalyst characterization was performed via IR, XRD, and SEM. Firstly, glucose solutions at pH-neutral conditions were converted under variation of the temperature, residence time, and catalyst loading, whereby a maximum of 25 wt.% fructose yield was obtained at a 38 wt.% glucose conversion. Secondly, isomerization was performed at pH = 2 using glucose solutions as well as glucose-containing hydrolysates from lignocellulosic biomass. Under acidic conditions, the hydrotalcite loses its activity for isomerization. Consequently, it is unavoidable to neutralize the acidic hydrolysate before the isomerization step with an inexpensive base. As a neutralizing agent NaOH is preferred over Ba(OH)2, since higher fructose yields are achieved with NaOH. Lastly, a pH-neutral hydrolysate from lignocellulose was subjected to isomerization, yielding 16 wt.% fructose at a 32 wt.% glucose conversion. This work targets the application of catalytic systems on real biomass-derived samples.

ACS Style

David Steinbach; Andreas Klier; Andrea Kruse; Jörg Sauer; Stefan Wild; Marina Zanker. Isomerization of Glucose to Fructose in Hydrolysates from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Hydrotalcite. Processes 2020, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

David Steinbach, Andreas Klier, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, Stefan Wild, Marina Zanker. Isomerization of Glucose to Fructose in Hydrolysates from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Hydrotalcite. Processes. 2020; 8 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Steinbach; Andreas Klier; Andrea Kruse; Jörg Sauer; Stefan Wild; Marina Zanker. 2020. "Isomerization of Glucose to Fructose in Hydrolysates from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Hydrotalcite." Processes 8, no. 6: 1.

Research article
Published: 15 May 2020 in ACS Omega
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This study aims to investigate how the morphology of cellulose influences the hydrolysis and carbonization during hydrothermal treatment at temperatures between 180 and 240 °C. The morphology of cellulose, especially different crystallinities and degrees of polymerization, is represented by microcrystalline cellulose and α-cellulose. Kinetic analysis is considered a tool to allow the determination of the mechanisms of the two types of cellulose during the hydrothermal process. A kinetic model, in which cellulose is assumed to be hydrolyzed to a limited extent, is proposed. Five scenarios are used as models for pyrolysis of nonhydrolyzed cellulose that forms primary char, along with reaction pathways of hydrolyzable cellulose and its derivatives that latterly form secondary char. The morphologies of solid products are in good agreement with the results of the proposed model.

ACS Style

Nattacha Paksung; Jens Pfersich; Pablo J. Arauzo; Dennis Jung; Andrea Kruse. Structural Effects of Cellulose on Hydrolysis and Carbonization Behavior during Hydrothermal Treatment. ACS Omega 2020, 5, 12210 -12223.

AMA Style

Nattacha Paksung, Jens Pfersich, Pablo J. Arauzo, Dennis Jung, Andrea Kruse. Structural Effects of Cellulose on Hydrolysis and Carbonization Behavior during Hydrothermal Treatment. ACS Omega. 2020; 5 (21):12210-12223.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nattacha Paksung; Jens Pfersich; Pablo J. Arauzo; Dennis Jung; Andrea Kruse. 2020. "Structural Effects of Cellulose on Hydrolysis and Carbonization Behavior during Hydrothermal Treatment." ACS Omega 5, no. 21: 12210-12223.

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2020 in Energies
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This study investigates the production of biobased carbon materials from potato waste and its application in energy storage systems such as supercapacitors. Three different categories of carbons were produced: hydrochar (HC) from hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at three different temperatures (200 °C, 220 °C, 240 °C) and two different duration times (two hours and five hours), pyrolyzed hydrochar (PHC) obtained via pyrolysis of the HTC chars at 600 °C and 900 °C for two hours and pyrochar from the pyrolysis of biomass at 600 °C and 900 °C for two hours. The carbon samples were analysed regarding their physico-chemical properties such as elemental composition, specific surface area, bulk density and surface functionalities as well as their electrochemical characteristics such as electric conductivity and specific capacity via cyclic voltammetry. N- and O-enriched carbon materials with promising specific surface areas of up to 330 m2 g−1 containing high shares of microporosity were produced. Electric conductivities of up to 203 S m−1 and specific capacities of up to 134 F g−1 were obtained. The presence of high contents of oxygen (4.9–13.5 wt.%) and nitrogen (3.4–4.0 wt.%) of PHCs is assumed to lead to considerable pseudocapacitive effects and favor the high specific capacities measured. These results lead to the conclusion that the potential of agricultural biomass can be exploited by using hydrothermal and thermochemical conversion technologies to create N- and O-rich carbon materials with tailored properties for the application in supercapacitors.

ACS Style

Viola Hoffmann; Dennis Jung; Muhammad Jamal Alhnidi; Lukas Mackle; Andrea Kruse. Bio-Based Carbon Materials from Potato Waste as Electrode Materials in Supercapacitors. Energies 2020, 13, 2406 .

AMA Style

Viola Hoffmann, Dennis Jung, Muhammad Jamal Alhnidi, Lukas Mackle, Andrea Kruse. Bio-Based Carbon Materials from Potato Waste as Electrode Materials in Supercapacitors. Energies. 2020; 13 (9):2406.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Viola Hoffmann; Dennis Jung; Muhammad Jamal Alhnidi; Lukas Mackle; Andrea Kruse. 2020. "Bio-Based Carbon Materials from Potato Waste as Electrode Materials in Supercapacitors." Energies 13, no. 9: 2406.