Psoriasis is a persistent, inflammatory condition affecting millions globally, marked by excessive keratinocyte proliferation, immune cell infiltration, and widespread inflammation. Over the years, therapeutic approaches have developed significantly, shifting from conventional topical treatments and phototherapy to more sophisticated systemic interventions such as biologics and, recently, oral small-molecule drugs. This review seeks to present a comprehensive investigation of the existing psoriasis treatment options, focusing on biologic agents, oral small molecules, and emerging treatments. Several categories of biologic treatments have received regulatory approval for psoriasis, including TNF-α, IL-17, IL-12/23, and IL-23 inhibitors. Biologics have revolutionized the treatment of psoriasis. These targeted therapies offer significant improvement in disease control and quality of life, with acceptable safety profiles. However, limitations such as cost, potential immunogenicity, and administration challenges have driven the exploration of alternative treatment modalities. Oral small molecules, particularly inhibitors of Janus kinase (JAK), have emerged as options due to their convenience and efficacy. These agents represent a paradigm shift in the management of the condition, offering oral administration and targeted action on specific signaling pathways. In addition to existing therapies, the review explores emerging treatments that hold promise for the future of psoriasis care. These include innovative small-molecule inhibitors. Early-stage clinical trials suggest these agents may enhance outcomes for psoriasis patients. In conclusion, the therapeutic landscape of psoriasis is rapidly evolving, emphasizing targeted, patient-centered treatments. Ongoing research and development are expected to lead to more personalized and effective management strategies for this complex condition.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a significant challenge to public health, posing a considerable threat to effective disease management on a global scale. The increasing incidence of infections caused by resistant bacteria has led to heightened morbidity and mortality rates, particularly among vulnerable populations. Main text: This review analyzes current strategies and health policies adopted in the European Union (EU) and Italy to manage AMR, presenting an in-depth examination of approaches for containment and mitigation. Factors such as excessive prescriptions, self-medication, and the misuse of antibiotics in livestock contribute to the selection and spread of resistant strains. Furthermore, this review provides a detailed overview of resistance mechanisms, including enzymatic inactivation, reduced permeability, efflux pump activity, and target site protection, with specific examples provided. The review underscores the urgent need to develop new antibiotics and implement diagnostic testing to ensure targeted prescriptions and effectively combat resistant infections. Current estimates indicate that AMR-related infections cause over 60,000 deaths annually in Europe and the United States, with projections suggesting a potential rise to 10 million deaths per year by 2050 if current trends are not reversed. The review also examines existing public health policies in Europe and Italy, focusing on national and regional strategies to combat AMR. These include promoting responsible antibiotic use, improving surveillance systems, and encouraging research and development of new therapeutic options. Conclusions: Finally, the review presents short- and long-term perspectives from the authors, suggesting actionable steps for policymakers and healthcare providers. Ultimately, a coordinated and multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals, policymakers, and the public is essential to mitigate the impact of AMR and ensure the effectiveness of antibiotics for future generations.

Monkeypox infection is caused by a virus of the genus Orthopoxvirus, a member of the Poxviridae family. Monkeypox virus is transmitted from individual to individual through contact with lesions, body fluids, and respiratory droplets. The infection caused by monkeypox is usually a self-limited disease with mild symptoms lasting 2 to 4 weeks. Monkeypox typically presents with fever, rash, and enlarged lymph nodes. New vaccines have recently been authorized for the prevention of monkeypox infection, whereas there are no specific pharmacological antiviral treatments for monkeypox infection. However, because the viruses which cause adult smallpox and monkeypox are similar, antiviral drugs developed in the past have also shown efficacy against monkeypox. In this review, we highlight the in vitro and clinical evidence found in the literature on the efficacy and safety of pharmacological agents with antiviral activity against monkeypox infection and the different regulatory aspects of countries.