Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, is expected to rise dramatically in incidence due to the global population aging. Traditional diagnostic approaches, such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis and positron emission tomography, are expensive and invasive, limiting their routine clinical use. Recent advances in blood-based biomarkers, including amyloid-beta, phosphorylated tau, and neurofilament light, offer promising non-invasive alternatives for early AD detection and disease monitoring. This review synthesizes current research on these blood-based biomarkers, highlighting their potential to track AD pathology and enhance diagnostic accuracy. Furthermore, this review uniquely integrates recent findings on protein-protein interaction networks and microRNA pathways, exploring novel combinations of proteomic, genomic, and epigenomic biomarkers that provide new insights into AD’s molecular mechanisms. Additionally, we discuss the integration of these biomarkers with advanced neuroimaging techniques, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize AD diagnostics. Although large-scale validation is still needed, these biomarkers represent a critical advancement toward more accessible, cost-effective, and early diagnostic tools for AD.

Norovirus, a positive-stranded RNA virus, is one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis among all age groups worldwide. The neurological manifestations of norovirus are underrecognized, but several wide-spectrum neurological manifestations have been reported among infected individuals in the last few years. Our objective was to summarize the features of norovirus-associated neurological disorders based on the available literature. We used the existing PRISMA consensus statement. Data were collected from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases up to Jan 30, 2023, using pre‐specified searching strategies. Twenty-one articles were selected for the qualitative synthesis. Among these, seven hundred and seventy-four patients with norovirus-associated neurological manifestations were reported. Most cases were seizure episodes, infection-induced encephalopathy, and immune-driven disorders. However, only a few studies have addressed the pathogenesis of norovirus-related neurological complications. The pathogenesis of these manifestations may be mediated by either neurotropism or aberrant immune-mediated injury, or both, depending on the affected system. Our review could help clinicians to recognize these neurological manifestations better and earlier while deepening the understanding of the pathogenesis of this viral infection.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia. With the global aging population, the incidence of AD and related dementias is projected to rise dramatically, posing significant public health challenges. Traditionally, the diagnosis of AD has relied on the detection of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain, assessed through invasive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and costly positron emission tomography scans. However, these methods are not feasible for widespread screening or use in low-resource settings. Recent advances in blood-based biomarkers offer a promising alternative for the early detection and monitoring of AD. These biomarkers provide a minimally invasive, cost-effective means of tracking the pathological progression of AD before the onset of clinical symptoms, potentially enabling earlier and more accurate diagnosis. Blood-based biomarkers, including those related to Aβ, phosphorylated tau, and neurofilament light polypeptide, have demonstrated significant potential in reflecting the underlying neuropathology of AD and correlating with traditional CSF and imaging biomarkers. This review synthesizes the latest research on blood-based biomarkers in AD, highlighting their role in the disease's etiopathogenesis, diagnostic accuracy, and prognostic value. We discuss the emerging evidence on proteinopathies, neuroinflammation, vascular pathology, and bioenergetic profiles, emphasizing the clinical applicability of these biomarkers. Furthermore, we explore the integration of blood-based biomarkers with advanced neuroimaging techniques and their potential to revolutionize the diagnostic landscape of AD, particularly in resource-limited settings. We have integrated protein-protein interaction (PPI) and miRNA network analyses to enhance the analysis. By incorporating these, we can explore the interactions and relationships between different proteomic, genomic, and epigenomic biomarkers, potentially unveiling new insights into the underlying biological mechanisms of AD. The continued development and validation of these biomarkers could lead to more accessible and equitable AD diagnostics, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Cerebral collateral circulation is a critical determinant of infarct evolution, therapeutic response, and clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke. While the concept of “time is brain” has traditionally guided reperfusion therapy, recent evidence—particularly from trials like DAWN and DEFUSE 3—suggests that collateral status more accurately determines the rate of infarct progression and the extent of salvageable tissue. This comprehensive review synthesizes advances in neuroimaging modalities for evaluating cerebral collaterals, emphasizing their role in refining stroke diagnosis, guiding patient selection, and informing personalized treatment strategies. Structural approaches such as multiphase and dynamic CT angiography, alongside perfusion‐based parameters (e.g., cerebral blood volume, hypoperfusion intensity ratio, and Tmax delay maps), are examined. Cortical venous outflow, assessed via the cortical vein opacification score, emerges as an independent predictor of outcome, complementing arterial grading. Susceptibility‐weighted imaging, arterial spin labeling, and metabolic and molecular techniques (e.g., PET imaging of inflammation and vascular remodeling) offer functional insights beyond traditional angiography. Biomarkers such as matrix metalloproteinase‐9, integrin αvβ3, and translocator protein–targeted PET ligands are discussed in relation to collateral vessel dynamics. Finally, we explore the integration of genetically informed brain atlases, spatial transcriptomics, and imaging–genomic platforms for high‐resolution collateral phenotyping. Although promising, these modalities face challenges related to heterogeneity, limited validation, and the lack of standardization. A biologically informed, multimodal, and automated imaging paradigm may herald a new era of precision stroke medicine.

Background and aims: Recent reports reveal incidences of spinal cord involvement in form of para-infectious or post-infectious myelitis raising potential concerns about the possibilities of SARS-CoV-2 behind the pathogenesis of spinal cord demyelination. In this study, we intend to summarise so far available pieces of evidence documenting SARS-CoV-2 mediated spinal demyelination in terms of clinical, laboratory parameters and imaging characteristics. Methodology: This review was carried out based on the existing PRISMA (Preferred Report for Systemic Review and Meta-analyses) consensus statement. Data was collected from four databases: Pubmed/Medline, NIH Litcovid, Embase and Cochrane library and Preprint servers up till 10 ^th September, 2020. Search strategy comprised of a range of keywords from relevant medical subject headings which includes “SARS-COV-2”, “COVID-19”, “demyelination” etc. Results: A total of 21 cases were included from 21 case reports after screening from various databases and preprint servers. Biochemical analysis reveals that the majority of cases showed elevated CSF protein as well as lymphocytic pleocytosis. Interestingly, a majority of cases were found to be associated with long extensive transverse myelitis (LETM), and remaining cases were found to be associated with isolated patchy involvement or isolated short segment involvement or combined LETM and patchy involvement. Few cases were also found with significant co-involvement of the brain and spine based on the imaging data. Conclusion: It can be interpreted that SARS-CoV-2 may play a potential role in spinal demyelinating disorders in both para-infectious and post-infectious forms. Highlights: Imaging data reveals LETM, short and patchy involvements Para infectious myelitis precedes post-infectious manifestation Altered CSF parameters and myelitis-like symptoms at the onset of COVID-19 Similar spinal cord involvements in related HCoVs infections