This study synthesized NiAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH)/Cu-MOF photocatalyst using a simple impregnation method involving NiAl-LDH and Cu-MOF. The successful synthesis was confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), ultraviolet diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), N₂ adsorption at −196 °C, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Photocatalysts based on NiAl-LDH, Cu-MOF, and NiAl-LDH/Cu-MOF were used to remove methyl orange (MO) dye from contaminated water. The impact of various factors, including pH, dye concentration, and photocatalyst amount, on MO degradation efficiency was assessed. FTIR analysis was conducted both before and after dye degradation. The optimal degradation conditions were a photocatalyst dose of 25 mg and a pH of 3. Kinetic studies indicated that the degradation of MO dye onto NiAl-LDH/Cu-MOF followed a pseudo-first-order and an L–H or Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. The value of R² = 0.94 confirms the validity of pseudo-first-order and Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) kinetic models for the photocatalytic degradation of MO dye. This study highlights the importance of developing novel photocatalysts with improved degradation efficiency to protect the water environment. Antibacterial activity was also performed with antibacterial sensibility testing by disk diffusion to determine minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations. In short, NiAl-LDH/Cu-MOF can be helpful for various biomedical and industrial applications.

Hydrogel biomaterials are increasingly utilized as drug delivery systems due to their unique properties.

Biomaterials are getting more recognition in drug delivery due to their unique intrinsic properties. Herein, graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) is fabricated from urea precursors. g-CN is further incorporated with starch (Sta) and tragacanth gum (TG) (i.e., Sta/g-CN/TG) to form a hydrogel for use as a drug nanocarrier. Various analytical techniques, such as FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy, XRD (X-ray diffraction), ZP (zeta potential) analysis, BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) analysis, DLS (dynamic light scattering), and SEM (scanning electron microscopy), were applied for the structural elucidation of the Sta/g-CN/TG hydrogel. ZP analysis reveals a +8.60 ± 0.01 mV charged surface, XRD shows amorphous structure, and SEM displays a mean particle diameter of 90 ± 0.01 nm. BET analysis reveals a Type II isotherm and a surface area of 0.540 ± 0.001 m² g⁻¹, and BJH analysis confirms a mean pore size of 19.08 nm and a mean pore volume of 0.0088 cm³ g⁻¹. DLS demonstrates a mean nanoparticle size of 180 ± 0.1 nm, and FTIR reveals OH and CO group stretching. To investigate hydrogel loading and release efficiencies (%LE and %RE), the lornoxicam (LXM) drug was loaded into the Sta/g-CN/TG hydrogel (i.e., LXM@Sta/g-CN/TG/LXM). The time interval, drug concentration, pH, and temperature impact LXM loading, while pH and temperature factors influence LXM release. The results showed that the Sta/g-CN/TG hydrogel made with a 1 : 0.5 : 0.2 mass ratio of Sta, g-CN, and TG had outstanding loading, release, and swelling qualities via hydrogen bonding. The results demonstrate a 66.94% greater %RE at acidic pH = 7.4 and 67.98% highest %RE at 50 °C respectively. However, the Peppas–Sahlin model emerged as the best-fitted model with linear regression (R²). The collected outcomes also confirmed Fickian diffusion in the LXM release. Finally, Sta/g-CN/TG is a promising pH-sensitive nanovehicle with increased LXM loading and sustained release properties.