Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed predominantly on the proximal tubular epithelium. We wanted to see if there was a critical time for increased tubular damage and its related biomarker, KIM-1 mRNA, and protein expressions during the first 24 h of ischemia-reperfusion injury. An Experimental research used five male Rattus Norvegicus rats in each group. Bulldog clamp was used to clamp renal arteries and veins to create renal ischemia. Immunohistochemistry was used for the analysis of KIM-1 protein expression. While Tubular Injury Score was examined by Histopathology. RT-PCR was used for KIM-1 mRNA expression. Tubular Injury Score (TIS) was significantly higher in ischemia than control. TIS remained similar after IR 30 min, peaked at IR 2 h, and decreased to the level of IR 30 min at IR 24 h. The KIM-1 mRNA expression was also higher in ischemia than in control. Similarly, KIM-1 mRNA expression increased more after IR 30 min, IR 2 h, and IR 24 h. The KIM-1 protein expression was higher in ischemia than in control. KIM-1 protein increased more after IR 30 min, IR for 2 h, and remained similar at IR for 24 h. KIM-1 mRNA and protein expressions at IR 2 h were significantly different compared to ischemia but not significantly different compared to that in IR 24 h. KIM-1 mRNA and protein expressions increased within 24 h IR with the critical time was in the 2 h IR.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complicated condition that is the primary cause of death and disability in children and young adults in developed countries. Various kinds of therapy have been carried out in the management of brain injury, one of which is the administration of erythropoietin (EPO). There are not many studies in Indonesia have proven that EPO administration is effective on parameters such as stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF mRNA), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in brain injury patients. The purpose of this study was to see how EPO affected BDNF mRNA expression, SDF-1 serum levels, and NSE levels in experimental rats with TBI. Methods: This study was conducted using a rat head injury model. Fifteen rats were randomly assigned to one of three groups: A, B, or C. EPO was administered subcutis with a dose of 30.000 U/kg. Blood samples were taken after brain injury (H0), 12 h (H12), and 24 h (H24) after brain injury. Serum level of SDF-1 and NSE were measured using mRNA BDNF gene expression was measured with Real-Time-PCR, and ELISA. Results: This study found EPO increase BDNF mRNA expression in group C at H-12 (7,92 ± 0.51 vs 6.45 ± 0.33) compared to group B, and at H-24 (9.20 ± 0.56 vs 7.22 ± 0.19); increase SDF-1 levels in group C at H-12 (7,56 ± 0,54) vs 4,62 ± 0,58) compared to group B, and at H-24 (11,32 ± 4,55 vs 2,55 ± 0,70); decrease serum NSE levels in group C at H-12 (17,25 ± 2,02 vs 29,65 ± 2,33) compare to group B and at H-24 (12,14 ± 2,61 vs 37,31 ± 2,76); the values are significantly different with p < 0,05. Conclusion: EPO may have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties in TBI by increasing mRNA BDNF expression and serum SDF-1 levels, and decrease serum NSE levels.

Link of Video https://youtu.be/XDoTlhAvGKo Background: Formaldehyde is a substance that can damage cell structures because it has irritant and carcinogenic effects. Formaldehyde can cause several adverse effects by injuring various tissues, impairing the regulation of energy metabolism, and reducing the body's antioxidant capacity. This study aims to assess the severity of cellular changes and the time required for the occurrence of nasopharyngeal dysplasia after formaldehyde induction over a different period. Methods: Twenty Wistar rats were divided into control and three treatment groups with 20, 30, and 40 ppm formaldehyde concentration induction. Every sample in the group will be terminated every four weeks for sixteen weeks. Nasopharynx samples were examined under the light microscope with H&E staining to identify severity differentiation between the control and treatment groups. We used the cellular and architectural dysplasia grading system as the reference for histopathological results. Results: There was a significant difference between the treatment groups and the severity of dysplasia (p=0.007) but an insignificant difference between the week of termination and the severity of dysplasia (p=0.407). Histopathological results showed no specific mark of cellular changes from every degree of dysplasia. Conclusion: This study showed that a higher formaldehyde concentration could cause more damage to cellular morphology. The longer formaldehyde is exposed in any dose, the more cellular damage occurs in the nasopharynx of Wistar rats.

Background: An accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 is essential for pandemic control and for establishing adequate therapeutic strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality. COVID-19 infection replicates in macrophage cells and affects the immune system. Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein-1 (NRAMP-1) carries cation ions, such as Fe2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+, and plays an essential role in the immune system to infection with micro-organisms. In addition, the function of NRAMP-1 is to limit the replication of pathogens by changing the phagosomal environment. Levels of NRAMP-1 protein are based on death, comorbidities and clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients and it is possible for the soluble protein NRAMP-1 level to be used as an additional biomarker for forensic and medicolegal related COVID-19 cases and prosecutions from patients and families. Methods: Determination of NRAMP-1 protein levels using the enzyme link-immunosorbent assay technique in death, had comorbidities and severity of clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients. Results: Of the 62 patients who received treatment, 10 patients died with an average NRAMP-1 level of 650 ng/ml and 52 patients who survive with an average NRAMP-1 level of 1065.26 ng/ml. The results of the study also found that 34 patients had comorbidities with an average NRAMP-1 level of 838.82 ng/ml and 28 patients without comorbidities with an average NRAMP-1 level of 1191.92 ng/ml. Based on the severity of clinical symptoms in survive patients, 10 patients with mild were found with an average NRAMP-1 level of 984.31 ng/ml, with moderate in 31 patients with an average NRAMP-1 level of 1104.71 ng/ml and severe in 11 patients with an average NRAMP-1 level of 1027.71 ng/ml. Conclusions: NRAMP-1 protein levels were significantly lower in COVID-19 patients who died and had comorbidities.

Background: Sharp force injuries are the second most common cause of trauma after blunt force injury. TNF- alpha is a cytokine that triggers the expression of adhesion molecules, other cytokines and chemokines by endothelial cells, stopped and migrated to damaged tissues or infections that trigger inflammation. Furthermore, the initial population of leukocytes leading to the wound comprises mostly neutrophils. This study aimed to assess the correlation between TNF-alpha levels in the blood and skin tissues and neutrophils number with the wound age of wounds caused by sharp trauma. Methods: This study is an experimental study using animal models. The samples were divided into the control group and the group in which the blood and the skin tissue samples were taken 1-, 3-, 12-, 24-, 48- and 72 hours after being sharp traumatized. The Elisa method examined the samples from the blood, and the skin of the right back of the mice was examined for TNF-alpha levels. Others from the left-back skin of the mice were microscopically examined to assess the number of neutrophils. Results: The TNF- alpha level from the skin samples were detected in wound tissue as the peak levels were in the 24 hours post-traumatic group. The TNF-alpha levels from blood samples indicated a significant difference in TNF-alpha levels in each group (p < 0.05). However, TNF-alpha levels from skin samples showed no significant difference between each group. From the microscopic examination, there was a significant difference in the infiltration of neutrophil cells in all groups (p<0,05). The neutrophils peak at 24 hours post-traumatic. Conclusion: There was no significant correlation between the TNF-alpha levels and the number of neutrophils with the wound age in wounds caused by sharp traumas

Constipation is a symptom/problem that arises in the process of defecation, which is not smooth and irregular due to a lack of fiber intake in the body. Nata de durio is an extracellular cellulose made from durian seeds and formed from the activity of the bacterium Acetobacter xylinum, which contains high enough fiber so that it can regulate and maintain intestinal function in the defecation process. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of using nata de durio as a natural fiber in the defecation process in vivo and to assess its effect on the transition time of feces in the small intestine of mice. The current study was an experimental study using male mice that were given distilled water as a negative control, inulin as a positive control, and nata seed de durio with doses of 0.02 gram, 0.04 gram, and 0.08 gram as a treatment group for 5 weeks. According to the findings of this study, the administration of nata de durio had a better effect on the amount of feces, weight of feces, frequency of defecation, and consistency of feces compared to the control group. The study's conclusion is that nata de durio can be used as a natural fiber in improving the defecation pattern of BALB/c male mice.