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Ewa Wilk
Department of Geoinformatics, Cartography and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw

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Journal article
Published: 11 March 2021 in Geospatial Health
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Exposure to asbestos causes a wide range of diseases, such as asbestosis, malignant mesothelioma (MM) and other types of cancer. Many European countries have reduced production and use of asbestos and some have banned it altogether. Based on data derived from the World Health Organisation (WHO) Cancer Mortality Database, we investigated whether some regions in Europe could have a higher relative risk of MM incidence than others. The data were compared, including the number of MM deaths per million inhabitants and aged-standardized mortality rates. Applying Moran’s I and Getis-Ord Gi statistic on the agedstandardized mortality rates of MM cases assisted the spatial analysis of the occurrence of health events leading to an assessment of the heterogeneity of distribution and cluster detection of MM. We found a statistically significant positive autocorrelation for the male population and also the general population, while there was no statistically significant positive one for the female population. Hotspots of relative risk of developing MM were found in northwestern Europe. For the general population, Great Britain and the Netherlands stood out with high levels at the 99% and 95% confidence levels, respectively. For the male population, the results were similar, but with addition of risk also in Belgium and Switzerland. However, in many European countries with high asbestos use per capita, the MM incidence was found to still be low. The reasons for this are not yet clear, but part of the problem is certainly due to incomplete data in registers and databases. The latency time can be longer than 40 years and is related to the intensity and time of exposure (occupational, para-occupational and environmental). In Europe, even though peak production occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, a significant decrease in production did not occur until 25 years later, which means that the impact will continue for as late as The mid 2030s.

ACS Style

Ewa Wilk; Małgorzata Krówczyńska. Malignant mesothelioma and asbestos exposure in Europe: Evidence of spatial clustering. Geospatial Health 2021, 16, 1 .

AMA Style

Ewa Wilk, Małgorzata Krówczyńska. Malignant mesothelioma and asbestos exposure in Europe: Evidence of spatial clustering. Geospatial Health. 2021; 16 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ewa Wilk; Małgorzata Krówczyńska. 2021. "Malignant mesothelioma and asbestos exposure in Europe: Evidence of spatial clustering." Geospatial Health 16, no. 1: 1.

Reply
Published: 24 March 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Thank you for the possibility of enabling us to provide a response to the comment on our paper "Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Asbestos as a Result of Consumption and Use in Poland" [...].

ACS Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Ewa Wilk. Reply to Comment on Małgorzata Krówczyńska and Ewa Wilk. Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Asbestos as a Result of Consumption and Use in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2611. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2145 .

AMA Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska, Ewa Wilk. Reply to Comment on Małgorzata Krówczyńska and Ewa Wilk. Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Asbestos as a Result of Consumption and Use in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2611. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (6):2145.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Ewa Wilk. 2020. "Reply to Comment on Małgorzata Krówczyńska and Ewa Wilk. Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Asbestos as a Result of Consumption and Use in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2611." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 2145.

Journal article
Published: 28 January 2020 in Remote Sensing
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Due to the pathogenic nature of asbestos, a statutory ban on asbestos-containing products has been in place in Poland since 1997. In order to protect human health and the environment, it is crucial to estimate the quantity of asbestos–cement products in use. It has been evaluated that about 90% of them are roof coverings. Different methods are used to estimate the amount of asbestos–cement products, such as the use of indicators, field inventory, remote sensing data, and multi- and hyperspectral images; the latter are used for relatively small areas. Other methods are sought for the reliable estimation of the quantity of asbestos-containing products, as well as their spatial distribution. The objective of this paper is to present the use of convolutional neural networks for the identification of asbestos–cement roofing on aerial photographs in natural color (RGB) and color infrared (CIR) compositions. The study was conducted for the Chęciny commune. Aerial photographs, each with the spatial resolution of 25 cm in RGB and CIR compositions, were used, and field studies were conducted to verify data and to develop a database for Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) training. Network training was carried out using the TensorFlow and R-Keras libraries in the R programming environment. The classification was carried out using a convolutional neural network consisting of two convolutional blocks, a spatial dropout layer, and two blocks of fully connected perceptrons. Asbestos–cement roofing products were classified with the producer’s accuracy of 89% and overall accuracy of 87% and 89%, depending on the image composition used. Attempts have been made at the identification of asbestos–cement roofing. They focus primarily on the use of hyperspectral data and multispectral imagery. The following classification algorithms were usually employed: Spectral Angle Mapper, Support Vector Machine, object classification, Spectral Feature Fitting, and decision trees. Previous studies undertaken by other researchers showed that low spectral resolution only allowed for a rough classification of roofing materials. The use of one coherent method would allow data comparison between regions. Determining the amount of asbestos–cement products in use is important for assessing environmental exposure to asbestos fibres, determining patterns of disease, and ultimately modelling potential solutions to counteract threats.

ACS Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Edwin Raczko; Natalia Staniszewska; Ewa Wilk. Asbestos—Cement Roofing Identification Using Remote Sensing and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 408 .

AMA Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska, Edwin Raczko, Natalia Staniszewska, Ewa Wilk. Asbestos—Cement Roofing Identification Using Remote Sensing and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (3):408.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Edwin Raczko; Natalia Staniszewska; Ewa Wilk. 2020. "Asbestos—Cement Roofing Identification Using Remote Sensing and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)." Remote Sensing 12, no. 3: 408.

Journal article
Published: 12 August 2019 in Sustainability
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The unique set of physical and chemical properties of asbestos has led to its many industrial applications worldwide, of which roofing and facades constitute approximately 80% of currently used asbestos-containing products. Since asbestos-containing products are harmful to human health, their use and production have been banned in many countries. To date, no research has been undertaken to estimate the total amount of asbestos–cement products used at the country level in relation to regions or other administrative units. The objective of this paper is to present a possible new solution for developing the spatial distribution of asbestos–cement products used across the country by applying the supervised machine learning algorithm, i.e., Random Forest. Based on the results of a physical inventory taken on asbestos–cement products with the use of aerial imagery, and the application of selected features, considering the socio-economic situation of Poland, i.e., population, buildings, public finance, housing economy and municipal infrastructure, wages, salaries and social security benefits, agricultural census, entities of the national economy, labor market, environment protection, area of built-up surfaces, historical belonging to annexations, and data on asbestos manufacturing plants, best Random Forest models were computed. The selection of important variables was made in the R v.3.1.0 program and supported by the Boruta algorithm. The prediction of the amount of asbestos–cement products used in communes was executed in the randomForest package. An algorithm explaining 75.85% of the variance was subsequently used to prepare the prediction map of the spatial distribution of the amount of asbestos–cement products used in Poland. The total amount was estimated at 710,278,645 m2 (7.8 million tons). Since the best model used data on built-up surfaces which are available for the whole of Europe, it is worth considering the use of the developed method in other European countries, as well as to assess the environmental risk of asbestos exposure to humans.

ACS Style

Ewa Wilk; Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Bogdan Zagajewski. Modelling the Spatial Distribution of Asbestos—Cement Products in Poland with the Use of the Random Forest Algorithm. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4355 .

AMA Style

Ewa Wilk, Małgorzata Krówczyńska, Bogdan Zagajewski. Modelling the Spatial Distribution of Asbestos—Cement Products in Poland with the Use of the Random Forest Algorithm. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (16):4355.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ewa Wilk; Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Bogdan Zagajewski. 2019. "Modelling the Spatial Distribution of Asbestos—Cement Products in Poland with the Use of the Random Forest Algorithm." Sustainability 11, no. 16: 4355.

Journal article
Published: 22 July 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Asbestos is harmful to human health; exposure to asbestos causes a wide range of asbestos-related diseases. Aim: Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is unique to occupational and environmental asbestos exposure. Methods: Environmental asbestos exposure was examined in relation to asbestos use and manufacturing, the quantity of the asbestos-containing products still in use, the concentrations of asbestos fibres in the air and the number of MM cases diagnosed each year per county. Results: The correlation coefficient of the measurements of the asbestos fibre concentrations in the air and the quantity of asbestos-cement products in use is high and amounts to 0.68. Meanwhile, the correlation coefficient of the measurements of asbestos fibre concentrations in air and MM morbidity rate resulting from environmental exposure calculated for particular counties in provinces is low and amounts to 0.37. The highest MM morbidity rate was observed for Małopolskie and Śląskie, a typical industrial area of Poland. Conclusions: There are MM cases which are still attributable to occupational asbestos exposure, although MM cases resulting from environmental exposure to asbestos have an increased MM risk. Poland is among those countries with a low MM incidence rate, which seems to be an underestimation of environmental asbestos exposure. As long as asbestos-cement products are used in the environment, actions should be undertaken to protect public health.

ACS Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Ewa Wilk. Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Asbestos as a Result of Consumption and Use in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 2611 .

AMA Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska, Ewa Wilk. Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Asbestos as a Result of Consumption and Use in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (14):2611.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Ewa Wilk. 2019. "Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Asbestos as a Result of Consumption and Use in Poland." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14: 2611.

Journal article
Published: 09 November 2018 in Geospatial Health
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Asbestos is carcinogenic to humans and exposure to this substance can cause a wide range of diseases. In Poland 1997, a statutory ban was introduced on the production, use and marketing of products containing asbestos. The National Programme for Asbestos Abatement for 2009-2032 includes scheduled activities considering asbestos exposure assessment and health protection. As there are several data sources for asbestos exposure in Poland, which are not linked, the aim of this study was to gather and order them developing a PostgreSQL database, an open-source, objectrelational system. The data gathered combines the following information: the quantity of asbestos-cement products in use, details of asbestos manufacturing plants, the results of the measurements of asbestos fibre concentrations in the air and cases of asbestos-related diseases. The relational database was then used to develop a spatial analysis of asbestos monitoring and exposure in Poland to demonstrate the current state of realisation of the National Asbestos Abatement Programme in the country for 2009-2032 with the use of geoinformation techniques. The use of a database on health aspects of occupational and environmental asbestos exposure was also proposed in Asbestos, Asbestosis, and Cancer: Helsinki Criteria update 2014.

ACS Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Ewa Wilk. Spatial analysis of asbestos exposure and occupational health care in Poland during the period 2004-2013. Geospatial Health 2018, 13, 1 .

AMA Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska, Ewa Wilk. Spatial analysis of asbestos exposure and occupational health care in Poland during the period 2004-2013. Geospatial Health. 2018; 13 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Ewa Wilk. 2018. "Spatial analysis of asbestos exposure and occupational health care in Poland during the period 2004-2013." Geospatial Health 13, no. 2: 1.

Journal article
Published: 09 November 2018 in Geospatial Health
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Malignant mesothelioma (MM), a rare and very deadly tumour, can be due to asbestos exposure. To better understand the cause of incidence of MM, spatial autocorrelation analysis with reference to the quantity of asbestos-cement products in use and the localisation of former asbestos manufacturing plants was applied. Geostatistical analysis shows that strong spatial clustering of MM incidence (referring to the general population as well as females and males separately) during the period 1999-2013 in the administrative units of Poland (provinces and counties). Incidence hotspots were found to be concentrated primarily in southern Poland but also seen in the county of Szczecin, which stands out in local autocorrelation analysis in north-western Poland. High incidence rates were discovered, in particular with reference to counties around former plants manufacturing asbestos-containing products, mainly asbestos-cement manufacturers. The highest frequency of MM incidence rate was found in within a 55 km radius of plants in or near the towns Trzebinia, Ogrodzieniec and Szczucin in the South, where asbestos-cement products had been manufactured for close to 40 years. Areas with significantly high incidence rates were also discovered in the provinces of Śląskie, Małopolskie and Świętokrzyskie in southern Poland.

ACS Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Ewa Wilk; Piotr Pabjanek; Gabriela Olędzka. Pleural mesothelioma in Poland: Spatial analysis of malignant mesothelioma prevalence in the period 1999-2013. Geospatial Health 2018, 13, 1 .

AMA Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska, Ewa Wilk, Piotr Pabjanek, Gabriela Olędzka. Pleural mesothelioma in Poland: Spatial analysis of malignant mesothelioma prevalence in the period 1999-2013. Geospatial Health. 2018; 13 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Ewa Wilk; Piotr Pabjanek; Gabriela Olędzka. 2018. "Pleural mesothelioma in Poland: Spatial analysis of malignant mesothelioma prevalence in the period 1999-2013." Geospatial Health 13, no. 2: 1.

Journal article
Published: 13 August 2018 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Asbestos is carcinogenic to humans; the exposure to asbestos causes a wide range of diseases. Aim: Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is unique for asbestos exposure. Methods: Based on the physical inventory of asbestos-cement roofing, the social-economic situation of communes, the proximity of asbestos manufacturing plants, the land use data referring to the surface of the built-up area, and the historical data on the annexations, the amount of asbestos-containing products in use was estimated by computing best Random Forest models. Per capita asbestos use is an indicator to compare the state of asbestos use among countries. MM cases in the local administrative units (provinces) were tested by the application of Moran’s I and Getis and Ord statistic. Results: The total amount of asbestos roofing in Poland was estimated at 738,068,000 m2 (8.2 million tons). In total there were 28 plants in Poland located in 11 provinces throughout the country. The amount of asbestos-cement roofing in use is correlated primarily with the measurements of asbestos concentration fibers (rs = 0.597). MM raw morbidity rate was calculated, stratified by province, and classified into five groups with respect to incidence. Hotspots of MM cases are in the southern part of Poland. Conclusions: MM cases are concentrated in the same geographical areas, which may indicate an increasing impact of environmental exposure. The results of the local and global autocorrelation clearly indicate a statistically significant relationship between incidences of MM in provinces. Poland and other Eastern European countries are among countries with low MM incidence rate. Detailed investigation is desirable since the current MM morbidity rate in Poland seems to be underestimated.

ACS Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Ewa Wilk. Asbestos Exposure and the Mesothelioma Incidence in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 1741 .

AMA Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska, Ewa Wilk. Asbestos Exposure and the Mesothelioma Incidence in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (8):1741.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Ewa Wilk. 2018. "Asbestos Exposure and the Mesothelioma Incidence in Poland." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8: 1741.

Research article
Published: 23 January 2017 in Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy
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The unique set of physical and chemical properties has led to many industrial applications of asbestos worldwide; one of them was roof covering. Asbestos is harmful to human health, and therefore its use was legally forbidden. Since in Poland there is no adequate data on the amount of asbestos-cement roofing, the objective of this study was to estimate its quantity on the basis of physical inventory taking with the use of aerial imagery, and the application of selected statistical features. Data pre-processing and analysis was executed in R Statistical Environment v. 3.1.0. Best random forest models were computed; model explaining 72.9% of the variance was subsequently used to prepare the prediction map of the amount of asbestos-cement roofing in Poland. Variables defining the number of farms, number and age of buildings, and regional differences were crucial for the analysis. The total amount of asbestos roofing in Poland was estimated at 738,068,000 m2 (8.2m t). It is crucial for the landfill development programme, financial resources distribution, and application of monitoring policies.

ACS Style

Ewa Wilk; Malgorzata Krowczynska; Piotr Pabjanek; Piotr Mędrzycki. Estimation of the amount of asbestos-cement roofing in Poland. Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 2017, 35, 491 -499.

AMA Style

Ewa Wilk, Malgorzata Krowczynska, Piotr Pabjanek, Piotr Mędrzycki. Estimation of the amount of asbestos-cement roofing in Poland. Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy. 2017; 35 (5):491-499.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ewa Wilk; Malgorzata Krowczynska; Piotr Pabjanek; Piotr Mędrzycki. 2017. "Estimation of the amount of asbestos-cement roofing in Poland." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 35, no. 5: 491-499.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Geomatics and Environmental Engineering
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ACS Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Ewa Wilk; Piotr Pabjanek; Marlena Kycko. Hyperspectral discrimination of asbestos‑cement roofing. Geomatics and Environmental Engineering 2017, 11, 47 .

AMA Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska, Ewa Wilk, Piotr Pabjanek, Marlena Kycko. Hyperspectral discrimination of asbestos‑cement roofing. Geomatics and Environmental Engineering. 2017; 11 (1):47.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Ewa Wilk; Piotr Pabjanek; Marlena Kycko. 2017. "Hyperspectral discrimination of asbestos‑cement roofing." Geomatics and Environmental Engineering 11, no. 1: 47.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2016 in Miscellanea Geographica
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The purpose of the undertaken survey is to assess the accuracy of the SSE2009, based on a reference dataset. The dataset contains 3,600 samples with the same spatial resolution as the final Soil Sealing Layer product and covers a rectangle of 36 km2. The basis for assessing the accuracy was the photointerpretation of the orthophotomap. The overall accuracy with data division into 6 classes amounted to 65%; while divided into 2 classes: sealed and non-sealed reached 95%. The evaluation results accuracy may form the basis for future improvements in evaluation methods impervious surface.

ACS Style

Piotr Pabjanek; Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Ewa Wilk; Michał Miecznikowski. An accuracy assessment of European Soil Sealing Dataset (SSL2009): Stara Miłosna area, Poland - a case study. Miscellanea Geographica 2016, 20, 59 -63.

AMA Style

Piotr Pabjanek, Małgorzata Krówczyńska, Ewa Wilk, Michał Miecznikowski. An accuracy assessment of European Soil Sealing Dataset (SSL2009): Stara Miłosna area, Poland - a case study. Miscellanea Geographica. 2016; 20 (4):59-63.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Piotr Pabjanek; Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Ewa Wilk; Michał Miecznikowski. 2016. "An accuracy assessment of European Soil Sealing Dataset (SSL2009): Stara Miłosna area, Poland - a case study." Miscellanea Geographica 20, no. 4: 59-63.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2016 in Quaestiones Geographicae
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Increasing urbanization results in constant enlarging of the artificial area closed to water infiltration. In 2006–2008, the Soil Sealing Enhancement (SSE) database was the part of the GMES Fast Track Service on Land Monitoring. The accuracy of the final product set by the authors should reach at least 85%. Orthorectified high resolution aerial photos of Poland were used to develop reference data constituting 20,000 random samples around the country. In each sample, the points were classified into three possible surface classes: natural, artificial and semi-sealed. Comparison of reference data to original project statistics revealed the values of accuracy, commission and omission errors in the SSE dataset. Although, SSE accuracy in Poland fulfils the criteria set by SSE authors with overall accuracy of 99.5%, the individual analysis for each category reveals many weaknesses. Preliminary interpretation of mistakes leads to the conclusion that the spatial resolution of pictures used in the SSE project is insufficient. In several cases, validation proved that omission errors were made in relation to construction sites or recently constructed buildings. It should be stated that the accuracy of SSE product for Poland should be treated as the maximum value of impervious surfaces.

ACS Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Agnieszka Soszyńska; Piotr Pabjanek; Ewa Wilk; Pavol Hurbánek; Konstantin Rosina. Accuracy of the Soil Sealing Enhancement Product for Poland. Quaestiones Geographicae 2016, 35, 89 -95.

AMA Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska, Agnieszka Soszyńska, Piotr Pabjanek, Ewa Wilk, Pavol Hurbánek, Konstantin Rosina. Accuracy of the Soil Sealing Enhancement Product for Poland. Quaestiones Geographicae. 2016; 35 (3):89-95.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Agnieszka Soszyńska; Piotr Pabjanek; Ewa Wilk; Pavol Hurbánek; Konstantin Rosina. 2016. "Accuracy of the Soil Sealing Enhancement Product for Poland." Quaestiones Geographicae 35, no. 3: 89-95.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2016 in Miscellanea Geographica
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Asbestos and asbestos containing products are harmful to human health, and therefore its use has been legally forbidden in the EU. Since there is no adequate data on the amount of asbestos-cement roofing in Poland, the objective of this study was to map asbestos-cement roofing with the use of hyperspectral APEX data (288 bands at the spatial resolution of 2.7 m) in the Karpacz area (southwest Poland). A field survey constituted the basis for training and verification polygons in the classification process. A SAM classification method was performed with the following classification results: 62% producer’s accuracy, 73% user’s accuracy and an overall accuracy of 95%. The asbestos-cement roofing for buildings may be discriminated with a high classification accuracy with the use of hyperspectral imagery. The vast majority of the classified buildings were characterised by their small area (i.e. residential type buildings), which reduced the overall accuracy of the classification.

ACS Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Ewa Wilk; Piotr Pabjanek; Bogdan Zagajewski; Koen Meuleman. Mapping asbestos-cement roofing with the use of APEX hyperspectral airborne imagery: Karpacz area, Poland – a case study. Miscellanea Geographica 2016, 20, 41 -46.

AMA Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska, Ewa Wilk, Piotr Pabjanek, Bogdan Zagajewski, Koen Meuleman. Mapping asbestos-cement roofing with the use of APEX hyperspectral airborne imagery: Karpacz area, Poland – a case study. Miscellanea Geographica. 2016; 20 (1):41-46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Ewa Wilk; Piotr Pabjanek; Bogdan Zagajewski; Koen Meuleman. 2016. "Mapping asbestos-cement roofing with the use of APEX hyperspectral airborne imagery: Karpacz area, Poland – a case study." Miscellanea Geographica 20, no. 1: 41-46.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2015 in Miscellanea Geographica
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Because of its harmfulness to human health, asbestos has been banned in 55 countries, including the EU. In Poland, the use and production of asbestos and asbestos-containing products has been forbidden since 1997. However, there is no precise data about the amount of asbestos-containing products to be eliminated from the territory of Poland. This survey aims to identify characteristics that have a significant impact on the estimation of asbestos-containing products used in Poland. Statistical correlation between the results of the physical inventory count done in 155 municipalities was examined. As a result of the survey it was found that the amount of asbestos-cement roofing depends on the following factors: the number of individual farms in the village, the distance from the asbestos manufacturing plants, the age of the buildings and the economic situation of municipality. The results obtained may contribute to the ability to predict the amount of asbestos-containing products used in other municipalities.

ACS Style

Ewa Wilk; Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Piotr Pabjanek. Determinants influencing the amount of asbestos-cement roofing in Poland. Miscellanea Geographica 2015, 19, 82 -86.

AMA Style

Ewa Wilk, Małgorzata Krówczyńska, Piotr Pabjanek. Determinants influencing the amount of asbestos-cement roofing in Poland. Miscellanea Geographica. 2015; 19 (3):82-86.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ewa Wilk; Małgorzata Krówczyńska; Piotr Pabjanek. 2015. "Determinants influencing the amount of asbestos-cement roofing in Poland." Miscellanea Geographica 19, no. 3: 82-86.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2014 in Miscellanea Geographica
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The unique set of physical and chemical properties of asbestos has led to its many industrial applications, such as roof coverings, textiles, rope, cord and yarn, paper, friction and composition materials, household product, acid-resistant filters, packing, insulation, and certain types of lagging, amongst others. In Poland asbestos-containing products were manufactured from raw materials imported mainly from the former Soviet Union, with production launched at the beginning of 20th century. According to Annex 4 to the Act of 19 June 1997 on the prohibition of the use of asbestos-containing products, there were 28 asbestos manufacturing plants in Poland located in 11 provinces throughout the country. The current survey was undertaken to enable asbestos manufacturing plants to be arranged, described and divided in order to contribute to further surveys.

ACS Style

Ewa Wilk; Malgorzata Krowczynska; Bogdan Zagajewski. Asbestos manufacturing plants in Poland. Miscellanea Geographica 2014, 18, 53 -58.

AMA Style

Ewa Wilk, Malgorzata Krowczynska, Bogdan Zagajewski. Asbestos manufacturing plants in Poland. Miscellanea Geographica. 2014; 18 (2):53-58.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ewa Wilk; Malgorzata Krowczynska; Bogdan Zagajewski. 2014. "Asbestos manufacturing plants in Poland." Miscellanea Geographica 18, no. 2: 53-58.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2014 in Miscellanea Geographica
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On January 1, 2005 the use of asbestos-containing products was banned in the European Union. According to the Act of 19 June 1997 banning the use of these products, their usage in Poland should be abated by the end of 2032. The whole process is being monitored by the Electronic Spatial Information System for the Monitoring of Asbestos Products Removal. The system design was based on a geodatabase. The research area of the study is the whole territory of Poland at the national, provincial and local level of detail. The monitoring process embraces spatial analysis through the preparation and interpretation of a range of maps. The results obtained from the deployed methods proved that the system has been useful for decision making purposes during the monitoring process. The proposed solutions were appreciated by the EU.

ACS Style

Malgorzata Krowczynska; Ewa Wilk; Bogdan Zagajewski. The Electronic Spatial Information System – tools for the monitoring of asbestos in Poland. Miscellanea Geographica 2014, 18, 59 -64.

AMA Style

Malgorzata Krowczynska, Ewa Wilk, Bogdan Zagajewski. The Electronic Spatial Information System – tools for the monitoring of asbestos in Poland. Miscellanea Geographica. 2014; 18 (2):59-64.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malgorzata Krowczynska; Ewa Wilk; Bogdan Zagajewski. 2014. "The Electronic Spatial Information System – tools for the monitoring of asbestos in Poland." Miscellanea Geographica 18, no. 2: 59-64.