Grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) has been shown to possess antioxidative effects. This experiment was designed to study the effect of GSPE during the liquid storage of goat semen. Semen samples were collected from six sexually mature goats. The samples were treated with different concentrations of GSPE (10, 30, 50, and 70 mg/L) in basic diluent and stored at 4 °C for 120 h; samples without GSPE were used as the control group. The results showed that sperm motility, acrosome membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, plasma membrane integrity, total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT) activity, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the treatment groups were significantly higher than in the control group, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) content was lower than in the control group (p < 0.05). In the treatment group, sperm quality in the 30 mg/L GSPE group was significantly higher than the other groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, artificial insemination (AI) results showed that litter sizes were higher in the 30 mg/L GSPE group than in the control group (p < 0.05). In summary, this experiment showed that adding GSPE to the basic diluent improved sperm quality and that 30 mg/L of GSPE was the most suitable concentration for the liquid preservation of goat semen at 4 °C.

The global decline in fertility rates has intensified the reliance on assisted reproductive technology (ART) for infertility treatment. Antioxidant supplementation, particularly with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), has gained prominence as a therapeutic strategy to enhance fertility outcomes and ART success. As a lipid-soluble benzoquinone, CoQ10 plays dual roles in the metabolism of mitochondrial energy and antioxidant protection. By regulating oxidative stress and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), CoQ10 improves oocyte quality, ovarian function, and mitochondrial efficiency, thereby optimizing ART outcomes. Clinical studies demonstrate that CoQ10 supplementation enhances ovarian function, increases the number of eggs, and improves the quality of embryo, particularly in women with weak ovarian reserve functions or older age. This review synthesizes current evidence on CoQ10’s mechanisms in safeguarding female fertility, including its effects on oocyte maturation, embryonic development, and ovarian aging. Furthermore, it explores CoQ10’s potential in addressing conditions such as premature ovarian failure and polycystic ovary syndrome. This review provides an overview of CoQ10’s protective effect on female fertility and its potential clinical application in reproductive medicine, aiming to offer guidance for the future use of CoQ10 in ART clinical practice.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in testicular development and spermatogenesis. The seminiferous tubule, the exclusive site of spermatogenesis, houses all types of male germ cells, regulated by both lncRNAs and mRNAs. However, the expression patterns and functions of these molecules across different developmental stages of dairy goat seminiferous tubules remain poorly understood. In this study, we sequenced and identified lncRNAs and mRNAs expressed in the seminiferous tubules of Guanzhong dairy goats at two developmental stages: 45-day-old premature (G45) and 240-day-old mature (G240). Significant differences in testis index and seminiferous tubules morphology were observed between G45 and G240 (P < 0.05). Transcriptome analyses revealed 11,612 lncRNAs and 18,217 mRNAs, with 7,554 lncRNAs and 11,986 mRNAs showing significant differential expression between the two stages. Among these, 229 differentially expressed mRNAs related to spermatogenesis were identified. Key genes, such as Kit, Dmrt1, and Sox9, were down-regulated, whereas Ddx4, Sycp1, and Sycp3 were up-regulated after sexual maturity. Notably, signalling pathways including PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and Rap1 were implicated in the regulation of spermatogenesis. We constructed lncRNA-mRNA interaction networks, identifying specific lncRNAs and their target genes potentially critical for spermatogenesis. Additionally, single-cell transcriptome data validated the expression of key genes, revealing that Piwil4 and Dnmt3l were specifically expressed in spermatogonial clusters, whereas Piwil1, Piwil2, and Gtsf1 were predominantly expressed in spermatocyte clusters. These findings highlight the essential roles of specific genes in the maturation of seminiferous tubules in dairy goats. This study provides comprehensive transcriptomic profiles and lncRNA-mRNA interaction networks between the G45 and G240 stages, offering valuable insights into spermatogenesis and seminiferous tubules development in Guanzhong dairy goats.