Chronic exercise intervention is a non-pharmacological therapy suggested to improve cognitive function in various populations. However, few meta-analyses have assessed the cognitive benefits associated with all FITT-VP variables (exercise frequency, intensity, bout duration time, type, volume or total intervention length, and progression) in healthy populations by age. Thus, this meta-analysis assessed the effects of each FITT-VP variable on cognitive function in healthy children, adults, and older adults. This study followed PRISMA guidelines. After searching PubMed and the Web of Science, we included 54 randomized controlled trials to examined the effects of FITT-VP variables on five cognitive domains: global cognition, executive function, memory, attention, and information processing. Moderation analyses assessed the effects by age and by each exercise variables. Exercise benefitted overall cognition and all subcognitive domains. Aerobic and resistance exercise showed the greatest benefits on global cognition and executive function respectively, whereas mind-body exercise benefitted memory. Among all populations, older adults showed the greatest benefits of exercise on global cognition, executive function, and memory compared with controls. Additional studies are needed to assess the effects of exercise on attention and information processing. This meta-analysis offers new insights on the relationships between cognition and FITT-VP exercise variables in healthy populations.

Background/Objectives: Approach-avoidance behavior is critical for adaptive behavior. The neural basis of these behaviors has been investigated extensively, but the effect of odor valence is unclear. This study tested how positive, negative, and neutral odors affect behavior and event-related potentials (ERPs) in the approach-avoidance task (AAT). Methods: Thirty-two healthy participants performed an AAT. We measured reaction time, accuracy, and ERP components (P1, N1, N2, P3) to understand the process of motivational processing over time. Results: Participants responded faster and more accurately when the direction and target type were congruent under all odor conditions. Odors did not change this core consistent pattern. In contrast, ERP results revealed stage-specific modulations. P1 and N1 components reflected odor-related changes in early sensory processing. The N2 effect present under the air condition was largely absent under positive and negative odors. This suggests reduced conflict monitoring. P3 amplitudes were consistently larger for avoidance than for approach responses, regardless of odor valence. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that odor valence reorganized the neural dynamics of the AAT without changing behavioral performance. This finding shows that olfactory valence modulates attention and control mechanisms and plays a unique role in regulating human motivation.