Social determinants of health (SDOH) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are related, but their combined effect on mortality risk remains unclear. We analyzed data from NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) cycles between 2005 and 2018. The composite SDOH score was calculated by summing the weighted scores for each SDOH, categorizing participants into four groups: Q1 (0–1), Q2 (2–3), Q3 (4) and Q4 (≥ 5). Kaplan-Meier survival curves and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the relationship between SDOH and mortality outcome. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses were conducted to explore nonlinear relationships. Subgroup analyses assessed the consistency and robustness of the findings across various demographic and clinical factors. Of the 7,366 patients with MetS, 1,193 died, including 407 from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and 269 from cancer. Cox regression analyses, using fully adjusted Model 2, revealed that higher SDOH levels had increased hazards for all-cause mortality (HR = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.87,3.12), cancer-related death (HR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.54,3.89), and Cardio − cerebrovascular disease (HR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.79,3.84). Kaplan-Meier analyses further supported these findings, demonstrating that participants with higher SDOH scores had lower survival rates. Additionally, RCS modeling confirmed a linear relationship between SDOH and mortality, with no indication of a nonlinear relationship (P for nonlinear > 0.05). Our findings indicate that adverse social determinants of health are strongly linked to an increased risk of all-cause mortality in individuals with MetS. However, due to the observational and cross-sectional nature of this study, it is important to interpret these results as associations rather than implying any causal relationships.

Background: Social determinants of health (SDoH) are nonmedical societal factors that influence health outcomes. However, their relationship with mortality risk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the association between SDoH and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in COPD patients. Methods: Data from seven National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles (2005–2018) were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between SDoH and mortality outcomes, including all-cause and cause-specific mortality. The sensitive analyses were performed to check the robustness of the main findings. Nonlinear relationships were explored using restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis, offering greater flexibility than traditional linear models. Subgroup analyses further assessed the consistency and robustness of findings across different demographic and clinical factors, enhancing the depth and reliability of the results. Results: Among 1,551 COPD participants, 506 deaths occurred, including 114 from cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and 130 from cancer. Higher SDoH scores were inversely associated with survival outcomes. After adjusting for confounders, individuals with higher SDoH scores had increased risks of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.199, 95% confidence intervals [CI]:1.136, 1.264), cancer mortality (HR = 1.236, 95% CI: 1.100, 1.388), and cardio-cerebrovascular mortality (HR = 1.143, 95% CI: 1.022,1.277) compared to those with lower SDoH scores. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the positive correlations between SDoH and mortality in the COPD population. Kaplan-Meier analyses also revealed worse survival outcomes for participants with higher SDoH scores. The agreement between survival analyses and statistical modeling underscores the predictive value of SDoH in this population. Conclusion: The results of our study indicate a notable positive correlation between SDoH score and the likelihood of mortality from all causes and specific causes in patients with COPD.

The advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI) is a marker of inflammation, yet its prognostic value in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome has not been explored. This study examines the relationship between ALI and mortality risk in patients with CKM. We analyzed data from 14,301 CKM patients in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2018). We assessed ALI tertiles (Tertile 1–Tertile 3) using Cox regression, restricted cubic splines, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and receiver operating characteristic curves. We also performed sensitivity analyses to confirm the robustness of our results. In a cohort of 14, 301 patients with CKM syndrome, 2,418 deaths from all causes, 765 cardio-cerebrovascular deaths, and 590 cancer-related deaths were recorded. After adjusting for potential confounders, the weighted multivariate Cox model showed that higher ALI was significantly associated with a reduced risk of all-cause and cardio-cerebrovascular mortality (all P < 0.001). However, a correlation between ALI scores and reduced cancer mortality was only observed in Tertile 2 for cancer mortality (P= 0.01). Smooth curve fitting revealed nonlinear correlations between ALI and mortality across CKM stages 0–4, 0–3, and 4 (log-likelihood ratio test P < 0.001). Stratified analyses identified significant interactions between age (P for interaction = 0.03) and smoking status (P for interaction < 0.001) with all-cause mortality, and between chronic kidney disease prognosis and cancer mortality (P for interaction = 0.03) in CKM syndrome patients. Receiver operating characteristic curves confirmed that ALI is a strong predictor of both short- and long-term all-cause, cardio-cerebrovascular, and cancer mortality. Our study shows that ALI is negatively correlated with all-cause, cardio-cerebrovascular, and cancer mortality within a certain range in patients with CKM syndrome. ALI is an effective prognostic predictor of mortality risk in individuals with CKM syndrome.

Background: Evidence indicates that the Endothelial Activation and Stress Index (EASIX) is a predictor of mortality in endothelium-related conditions; however, its association with mortality risk in atrial fibrillation (AF) remains uncertain. Accordingly, this study examines the relationship between EASIX and mortality risk among patients with AF. Methods: This retrospective analysis utilized data from the Medical Information Marketplace in Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database, which includes critically ill patients diagnosed with AF. To examine the association between EASIX scores and mortality, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, Cox proportional hazards models, and restricted cubic spline regression were applied to evaluate the relationship between EASIX and all-cause mortality. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore potential interactions with key patient characteristics, and sensitivity analyses were performed to further confirm the robustness of the results. Results: A total of 3,193 patients were included in the analysis. KM survival analysis showed that elevated EASIX levels were associated with a higher risk of both in-hospital and ICU mortality. After adjusting for potential confounders, increased EASIX levels remained significantly associated with in-hospital mortality [HR, 1.09 (95% CI 1.03, 1.15), P = 0.0002] and ICU mortality [HR, 1.10 (95% CI 1.04, 1.17), P = 0.0002]. Stratified analyses revealed a significant interaction between sepsis, respiratory failure, and EASIX in relation to both in-hospital and ICU mortality. To evaluate the robustness of the findings, a sensitivity analysis was performed. After additionally adjusting for metoprolol and heparin as covariates, patients in the highest EASIX group continued to demonstrate the greatest mortality risk: the HR for in-hospital death was 2.08 (95% CI: 1.51–2.85), and the HR for ICU death was 1.83 (95% CI: 1.21–2.65). Conclusion: Elevated EASIX levels correlate with higher mortality rates, underscoring its potential as an accessible tool for identifying high-risk patients and informing clinical decisions. However, further studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and validate its applicability across diverse patient populations.

The link between benzodiazepines (BZs) use and lung cancer remains unclear. This paper investigates this association by analyzing data from 34,084 adults, aged approximately 47.08 ± 0.22 years, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey study conducted between 2001 and 2016. Multiple logistic regression is employed to control for various factors including age, sex, ethnicity, education, poverty to income ratio, diabetes mellitus, smoke, alcohol user, hypertension, body mass index, hyperlipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other cancer, in order to explore the impact of BZs on lung cancer prevalence. The findings indicate that the risk of lung cancer is 4.643 times higher in BZs users compared to nonusers (95% CI: 2.096, 10.283), and this association remains significant (OR: 2.575, 95% CI: 1.015, 6.529) after adjusting for all variables. Our research indicates that among the American population, especially men aged 60 or above, with a normal weight BMI and no hypertension, the prevalence of lung cancer is relatively high among BZs users. This requires further research to verify these findings.

Oral cancer is among the most common malignant tumors of the head and neck. However, a comprehensive assessment of the burden of lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC) in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) aged 15 to 39 is still lacking. Using age- and sex-stratified data across global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2021, this study aimed to provide a comprehensive estimate of the burden of LOC in the AYAs population and analyzed global data on the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) linked to AYAs LOC from 1990 to 2021. Age-standardized rate and estimated annual percentage change, were used to assess AYAs LOC trends across gender, age, and socio-demographic index, as well as to evaluate disparities between countries. A Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort (BAPC) model was applied to forecast the disease burden from 2022 to 2041. In 2021, there were 29,223 cases of LOC globally (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 24,871–33,190), resulting in 9815 deaths (95% UI: 8038–11,421) and 581,394 DALYs (95% UI: 474,111–677,536). At the regional, South Asia has the highest incidence, mortality, DALYs, and age-standardized rate by Global Burden of Disease classification. At the national, India had the highest numbers for incidence, deaths, and DALYs, while Palau recorded the highest age-standardized incidence rate, age-standardized mortality rate, and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate. The burden is most pronounced among AYAs aged 35 to 39. Among those aged 15 to 24, women experienced a greater burden than men, while in the 25 to 39 age group, men had a higher burden. Projections indicate that by 2041, the burden of LOC will continue to rise, with a greater impact on men than women. From 1990 to 2021, the global burden of LOC, when adjusted for age, has increased. However, regional variations have been observed, with the burden decreasing in some areas. Consequently, monitoring the condition of young patients with LOC is crucial for reducing this overall burden. Limitations remain in this study: data gaps in low-income countries affect the accuracy of the Global Burden of Disease, and the burden of LOC on AYAs was not stratified. Future work needs to improve data collection.