The conceptualisation of the sixth generation of mobile wireless networks (6G) has already started with some potential disruptive technologies resonating as enablers for driving the emergence of a number of innovative applications. Particularly, 6G will be a prominent supporter for the evolution towards a truly Intelligent Transportation System and the realization of the Smart City concept by fulfilling the limitations of 5G, once vehicular networks are becoming highly dynamic and complex with stringent requirements on ultra-low latency, high reliability, and massive connections. More importantly, providing security and privacy to such critical systems should be a top priority as vulnerabilities can be catastrophic, thus there are huge concerns regarding data collected from sensors, people and their habits. In this paper, we provide a timely deliberation of the role that promissory 6G enabling technologies such as artificial intelligence, network softwarisation, network slicing, blockchain, edge computing, intelligent reflecting surfaces, backscatter communications, terahertz links, visible light communications, physical layer authentication, and cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) will play on providing the expected level of security and privacy for the Internet of Vehicles.

In recent years, Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) have assisted in the decrease of road traffic fatalities, particularly amongst passenger car occupants. Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) such as pedestrians, cyclists, moped riders and motorcyclists, however, have not been that much in focus when developing ITS. Therefore, there is a clear need for ITS which specifically address VRUs as an integrated element of the traffic system. This paper presents the results of a quantitative safety impact assessment of five systems that were estimated to have high potential to improve the safety of cyclists, namely: Blind Spot Detection (BSD), Bicycle to Vehicle communication (B2V), Intersection safety (INS), Pedestrian and Cyclist Detection System+Emergency Braking (PCDS+EBR) and VRU Beacon System (VBS). An ex-ante assessment method proposed by Kulmala (2010) targeted to assess the effects of ITS for cars was applied and further developed in this study to assess the safety impacts of ITS specifically designed for VRUs. The main results of the assessment showed that all investigated systems affect cyclist safety in a positive way by preventing fatalities and injuries. The estimates considering 2012 accident data and full penetration showed that the highest effects could be obtained by the implementation of PCDS+EBR and B2V, whereas VBS had the lowest effect. The estimated yearly reduction in cyclist fatalities in the EU-28 varied between 77 and 286 per system. A forecast for 2030, taking into accounts the estimated accident trends and penetration rates, showed the highest effects for PCDS+EBR and BSD.

Introduction This paper describes the development of an architecture for the integration of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs), i.e. pedestrians, cyclists and powered two-wheelers (PTWs) in Cooperative ITS (C-ITS) systems, and the requirements for VRU devices. Methods This paper starts with a literature overview on research related to safety applications using communication between vehicle and VRU, and an analysis of the different use cases for C-ITS for VRUs. An architecture is developed, starting from an architecture of C-ITS systems and incorporating the different alternative configuration for VRUs. Starting from the architecture and the use cases, the requirements for VRU devices are defined. Finally, a roadmap regarding C-ITS applications for VRUs is developed. Results C-ITS technologies allow to communicate with low latency in highly dynamic environments. C-ITS will be integrated in vehicles and can also become available for VRUs, either as an application on a smartphone or as a dedicated device, which can be integrated in the VRU’s vehicle. Two levels of use cases can be identified: awareness of the presence of VRUs near potentially dangerous situations, and collision risk warning, based on trajectories of the road users. A roadmap was developed aligned with the roadmap of the automotive industry. Conclusions Awareness related use cases are relatively close to the market, as they do not put stringent requirements to the (localization) sensors at infrastructure or vehicles. For the collision risk warning use case, the technical requirements for VRU devices towards sensor accuracy and calculation capabilities are challenging. Other challenges are power consumption, context sensitivity, channel congestion, privacy and security of messages. Standardisation of the messages exchanged between VRUs and other road users and infrastructure is a key issue.

An increasing part of goods are transported using containers. Containers are the most vulnerable when static, and hence ports and other terminals are key locations in insuring the integrity of containers. Container transport chain monitoring is needed both for supply chain management and security reasons. Authorities demand increased freight visibility in order to assure compliance with the regulations and to avoid import of illicit goods. The paper discusses the technological possibilities to improve the integrity of containers in port related supply chains. Possible solutions are adding monitoring equipment, such as e-seals and tracking devices, monitoring the environment using cameras, improved gate processes. The optimal use of these technologies requires sharing of information between different stakeholders. Based on the assessment of the different measures, a set of recommendations to improve container security related to the implementation of the technologies will be provided

Cooperative intelligent transportation system (C‐ITS) allows to improve safety of vehicles through communications between vehicles and infrastructure. C‐ITS may also improve the safety of vulnerable road users (VRUs), but work on this issue is still in an early stage. ITS‐G5 (IEEE 802.11p), the main technology for vehicle‐to‐vehicle time‐critical communications, allows to deliver safety information over a rather long range with low latency, but obstacles in the link path and a large amount of vehicles sending at the same time may reduce performance. In this study, the authors assess and optimise the performance of ITS‐G5 for time‐critical safety conflict scenarios between vehicles and VRUs. The authors have tested various non‐line‐of‐sight (NLOS) scenarios in urban environments and line‐of‐sight (LOS) simulations to support C‐ITS message prioritisation and scalability with different amount of vehicles. Example use cases with NLOS include pedestrians crossing streets from behind objects, and low‐visibility scenarios, e.g. when VRU is behind a vehicle, behind a queue of vehicles, between vehicles, behind trees/bushes or behind a building. The LOS simulations utilise fuzzy weighted queueing mechanism for congestion control to overcome the packet losses and for data prioritisation. Based on these results, the applicability of ITS‐G5 for VRU applications is assessed and performance improved.