Grid-forming (GFM) inverters play a critical role in stabilizing future power grids. However, their synchronization is inherently coupled with frequency support, which poses a challenge to prevent overloading while maintaining synchronization. While existing literature has proposed strategies to mitigate the overload of GFM inverters during frequency excursions, these typically focus on limiting primary frequency regulation and overlook their inertial contribution, limiting their effectiveness. The present work addresses this gap by analyzing three overload mitigation strategies that dynamically adjust both primary frequency regulation and inertia. The main contribution of this work is formal analysis of the control structures, providing insight into the tuning process, dynamic behavior, and inherent trade-offs. The performance of these strategies is evaluated under grid frequency excursions and oscillations, focusing on their ability to limit overloads and ensure seamless recovery. Simulation results are validated through experimental testing.

The integration of renewable energy sources into electrical power systems presents enormous challenges in technical terms, especially with energy storage. Battery electrochemical storage systems (BESSs) are becoming a crucial solution for reducing the intermittency of renewable energy supply and enhance the stability of power networks. Nonetheless, its extensive implementation confronts constraints, including expense, life expectancy, and energy efficiency. Simultaneously, these technologies present prospects for improved energy management, increase the hosting capacity of renewable energy, and diminish reliance on fossil fuels. This paper investigates the obstacles of integrating electrochemical storage into electrical power systems, explores solutions to use its promise for creating more resilient and sustainable grids, and presents a method for the size estimation and strategic allocation of electrochemical energy storage systems (EESSs). The aim is to improve grid voltage profiles, manage demand response, increase the adoption of renewable energy resources, enhance power transfer among various areas, and subsequently improve the stability of a power system during large disturbances. The methodology utilizes a multi-stage optimization process based on economic considerations supported by dynamic simulation. This methodology was tested employing a validated dynamic model of the Interconnected Electrical System of the Central American Countries (SIEPAC). The system experienced multiple significant blackouts in recent years, primarily due to the increasing amount of renewable energy generation without adequate inertial support and limited power transfer capabilities among countries. Based on the results of using the technique, EESSs can effectively lower the risk of instability caused by an imbalance between power generation and demand during extreme situations, as seen in past event reports. Based on economical constraints, it has been determined that the cost of installing EESSs for the SIEPAC, which amounts to 1200 MWh/200 MW, is 140.91 USD/MWh.

The integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) is reshaping power grid operation by reducing system inertia, which impacts small-signal rotor angle stability and increases low-frequency oscillations (LFOs). While power-electronics-based flexible AC transmission systems (FACTSs) have been the primary solution, the shift of IBR control toward grid forming (GFM) is changing this approach. GFM control inherently provides inertia and affects small-signal stability, but implementing power oscillation damping (POD) algorithms in these inverters presents challenges, particularly regarding active-power-based ones (POD-P). Although various POD-P solutions are emerging for GFM inverters, few studies have evaluated their impact on the GFM device itself and their inherent capabilities, such as inertia and damping. This paper proposes that any design methodology should consider, besides the impact of POD controls on the grid, their effect on the properties of GFM devices. It introduces a theoretical framework using the network frequency perturbation (NFP) approach to assess this impact. Additionally, a simple POD-P control method is proposed for GFM controllers, with simplicity as its key advantage. The desired damping effect, along with the absence of impact on other frequency components, is verified through NFP analysis. The theoretical findings are experimentally validated with test bench results.

Wind Energy | InTechOpen, Published on: 2012-03-21. Authors: Markel Zubiaga