The Humboldt Current System (HCS) is characterized by high marine primary productivity, the dynamics of which are closely linked to climate variability. However, its changes beyond the last glacial cycle are virtually unknown due to a dearth of long sediment records. Here, we present a 500 ka multi‐proxy marine productivity reconstruction from the southernmost part of the HCS (∼43 S). At these latitudes, marine productivity changes have been typically attributed to glacial‐interglacial changes in the South Pacific Subtropical High (SPSH) and Southern Westerly Winds (SWWs). Surprisingly, our productivity reconstruction based on biomarkers and benthic foraminifera does not show recurrent glacial‐interglacial variability. Instead, large increases in organic matter flux occurred during MIS 2–4 and MIS 10–11. Micronutrients in aeolian dust and Southern Ocean‐sourced macronutrients seem to be unlikely drivers, as both would have led to recurrent glacial‐interglacial variability as observed elsewhere. Another source of micronutrients is via continental runoff, the amount of which is controlled by Patagonian Ice Sheet variability and/or precipitation. We interpret our productivity records as reflecting changes in the amount of nutrients supplied by continental runoff, which are driven by precipitation variations linked to the configuration of the SPSH‐SWWs in response to orbital forcing in the eccentricity band. During eccentricity minima, the position of SPSH changes minimally from precession minima to maxima. This SPSH‐SWWs configuration probably results in a prolonged period of high precipitation, which in turn increases the continental runoff and the supply of micronutrients to the sea.

Acrostichum aureum is a halophytic pantropical invasive fern growing in mangroves and swamps. Its association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has been reported in Asia. AMF and their symbiosis (AM) commonly colonise the absorption organs of terrestrial plants worldwide. Furthermore, AMF/AM are well known for their capacity to bioaccumulate toxic elements and to alleviate biotic and abiotic stress (e.g., salinity stress) in their hosts. However, the mechanisms underlying AMF involvement in the halophytism of A. aureum and the structures where NaCl accumulates remain unknown. This study shows that A. aureum forms AM in margins of natural thermal ponds in Neotropical wetlands. All mature sporophytes were colonised by AMF, with high percentages for root length (ca. 57%), arbuscules (23), and hyphae (25) and low values for vesicles (2%). In A. aureum–AMF symbiosis, NaCl accumulated in AMF vesicles, and CaSO₄ precipitated in colonised roots. Therefore, AM can contribute to the halophytic nature of this fern, allowing it to thrive in saline and thermal environments by capturing NaCl from fern tissues, compartmentalising it inside its vesicles, and precipitating CaSO₄.

Pseudogonatodes furvus is an endemic gecko from the region of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, an isolated massif located in the continental Caribbean region of Colombia. Pseudogonatodes furvus is the type species of the genus, and its morphology and natural history remain poorly known. This lizard was described based on two specimens. After its description, the species has only been mentioned in a handful of taxonomic studies of Pseudogonatodes, in which a few morphological characters of P. furvus have been mentioned. One other paper reported two new localities, without providing new information on the external morphology, especially the lepidosis of the newly obtained specimens. Here we review the external morphology of P. furvus, based on examination of the holotype and six additional specimens. We provide an extended diagnosis and definition, description of holotype, variation, comparisons with other Pseudogonatodes, geographic distribution (adding a fourth locality to the known distribution for the species), and conservation status. Additionally, we describe osteological features for the diagnosis of the genus.

Acrostichum aureum is a halophytic pantropical invasive fern growing in mangroves and swamps. Its association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has been reported in Asia. AMF and their symbiosis (AM) commonly colonise the absorption organs of terrestrial plants worldwide. Fur-thermore, AMF/AM are well known for their capacity to bioaccumulate toxic elements and to alleviate biotic and abiotic stress (e.g. salinity stress) in their hosts. However, how AMF are in-volved in the halophytism of A. aureum, and the structures where NaCl accumulates remains unknown. This study shows that A. aureum forms AM in Neotropical thermal margins of natural ponds, NaCl accumulation occurs inside AMF vesicles, and CaSO4 precipitates in colonised roots. Therefore, AM would be contributing to the halophytic nature of this fern, allowing it to thrive in saline and thermal environments by capturing NaCl from fern tissues, compartmentalizing it inside its vesicles and precipitating CaSO4.