(1) Background: this study investigates the impact of acid value changes on the thermal degradation and fire risks of palm oil. It emphasizes the need for systematic risk management in food manufacturing and preparation processes to address safety challenges associated with high-temperature operations. (2) Methods: the study employed fire reproduction experiments, fire risk characterization tests, and thermal analyses, including differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. (3) Result: higher acid values in palm oil significantly reduce smoke points, ignition points, and thermal stability, primarily due to increased free fatty acids and oxidative by-products. These effects are more pronounced in oxidative environments, highlighting the importance of controlling acid value to mitigate fire and thermal risks. (4) Conclusions: this study concludes that increased acid value in palm oil significantly reduces its thermal stability and elevates fire risks due to accelerated oxidation and thermal decomposition. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring acid value and implementing temperature control measures to enhance safety in food manufacturing and cooking processes.

This study was conducted to review the safety and appropriateness of PSV (Pressure Safety Valve) installation in the supply tank, which is a pressure vessel included in supply systems dedicated to supplying the acid/alkaline substances used in the Korean semiconductor manufacturing process. Three aspects of design, risk assessment, and regulations were reviewed to determine if there is a source of pressure higher than the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) of the supply tank that could cause fires, explosions, and overpressure. In the case of the design review, all 17 overpressure scenarios described in API Standard 521, i.e., pressure-relieving and depressuring systems, were reviewed, and there was no overpressure scenario above the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP). Then, the risk assessment, i.e., the Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) technique, was used, and as a result of reviewing all possible risk situations, we can state that there were no overpressure scenarios that can exceed the design pressure of the supply tank; thus, we decided that the installation of a PSV on top of the supply tank is unnecessary. Finally, accident prevention measures against overpressure, such as the KS B 6750-3 system design and the Korean Industrial Standard, were reviewed from a legal point of view. It was confirmed that the hazardous chemical supply system for the semiconductor industry designed in this study has several protective functions to prevent fires, explosions, and overpressure. As a result of reviewing the above three aspects, it can be said that there is no need to install a pressure safety valve in a pressure vessel storing hazardous chemicals.

This study examines policy improvements for dangerous-goods transport using next-generation aircraft from a risk-based safety management perspective. A comparative analysis was conducted using twelve international, domestic, and academic sources on dangerous goods and UAS/UAM risks. The analysis shows that ICAO provides the global baseline for dangerous-goods and safety management, while FAA and EASA apply operational and risk-based approaches to UAS operations. Korea is closely aligned with ICAO dangerous-goods standards; however, explicit integration of aircraft characteristics, low-altitude urban operations, automation, and ground risk into dangerous-goods authorization and oversight remains limited. Accordingly, this study proposes five policy directions: a clearer regulatory basis, integrated risk-based authorization, data-driven safety management, risk-based oversight, and continuous policy feedback. These measures supplement existing compliance requirements with risk- and performance-informed decision making.

Hydrogen blending in residential gas networks requires assessment of gas transport across connected rooms and of explosion consequences if a flammable cloud forms. This study used FLACS-CFD to compare hydrogen blending ratios (HBRs) of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 vol%, the upper bound corresponding to the blend level demonstrated in distribution networks, in an accident-informed multi-compartment apartment. Two independent scenarios were evaluated: a 30 s release through a 6 mm opening at 0.025 barg and an explosion of a prescribed uniform cloud at an equivalence ratio of 1.05. Across 16 monitoring points, the maximum predicted fuel concentrations were 0.06575–0.07111 vol%, corresponding to 1.31–1.49% of the HBR-specific lower flammability limits. From HBR 0% to 20%, the maximum monitored concentration increased by 8.2%; the local maximum increased by 71.6% above the source but decreased by 16.3% outside the living room window. Under the independent explosion condition, maximum overpressure increased from 0.872 to 1.246 barg, maximum monitored pressure impulse increased by 21.3%, and the ignition-to-peak-pressure interval decreased by 12.7%. Analytical inventory estimates and comparisons with published data provided physical context for the calculated HBR-dependent trends, whereas the absolute values remain scenario-specific. By extending the comparison to connected apartment compartments, this study provides a numerical basis for selecting measurement locations and response metrics in future residential hydrogen-blending safety studies.