Introduction: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical neurovascular unit regulating substances' passage from the bloodstream to the brain. Its selective permeability poses significant challenges in drug delivery for neurological disorders. Conventional methods often fail due to the BBB's complex structure. Aim: The study aims to shed light on their pivotal role in revolutionizing neurotherapeutics and explores the transformative potential of BBB-on-a-Chip technologies in drug delivery research to comprehensively review BBB-on-a-chip technologies, focusing on their design, and substantiate advantages over traditional models. Methods: A detailed analysis of existing literature and experimental data pertaining to BBB-on-a-Chip technologies was conducted. Various models, their physiological relevance, and innovative design considerations were examined through databases like Scopus, EbscoHost, PubMed Central, and Medline. Case studies demonstrating enhanced drug transport through BBB-on-a-Chip models were also reviewed, highlighting their potential impact on neurological disorders. Results: BBB-on-a-Chip models offer a revolutionary approach, accurately replicating BBB properties. These microphysiological systems enable high-throughput screening, real-time monitoring of drug transport, and precise localization of drugs. Case studies demonstrate their efficacy in enhancing drug penetration, offering potential therapies for diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Conclusion: BBB-on-a-Chip models represent a transformative milestone in drug delivery research. Their ability to replicate BBB complexities, offer real-time monitoring, and enhance drug transport holds immense promise for neurological disorders. Continuous research and development are imperative to unlock BBB-on-a-Chip models' full potential, ushering in a new era of targeted, efficient, and safer drug therapies for challenging neurological conditions.

Background: The role of community pharmacies has been transitioning from traditional drug dispensing methods to include more patient-centered services such as pharmacotherapeutic monitoring. With the increasing complexity of medication regimens and the rising prevalence of chronic diseases, pharmacotherapeutic monitoring plays a crucial role in preventing medication-related problems. This study aims to review patient outcomes of community pharmacies’ involvement in pharmacotherapeutic monitoring services. It also highlights advances in the monitoring process, the challenges involved, and relevant solutions. Methods: A narrative review was conducted from 8 April 2024 to 9 May 2024, where data were extracted from multiple research studies indexed in PubMed, EBSCOHost, and Google Scholar databases. This review included only previous articles written in English and had information relevant to community pharmacy, patient care, innovations in pharmacotherapeutic monitoring, and challenges associated with the monitoring process in community pharmacies. Results: Implementation of pharmacotherapeutic monitoring in community pharmacies improves patient outcomes and satisfaction. It minimizes adverse events by ensuring optimal dosing and patient adherence, which in turn reduces medical expenses and duration of hospitalization. However, factors such as inefficient analytical resources, lack of skilled personnel, and huge financial costs complicate implementation of pharmacotherapeutic monitoring in community pharmacies. Conclusion: Community pharmacies’ participation in therapeutic drug monitoring is a promising development that prioritizes tailored patient care, eliminating the need for hospital visits. We recommend a multidisciplinary collaboration, robust electronic medical record systems, and large-scale research studies to provide sufficient evidence on the application of therapeutic drug monitoring in community pharmacies, to leverage this service. Also, policy and decision-makers should facilitate this practice by investing more in pharmacotherapeutic monitoring tools and training for community pharmacists.