The objective of this work was to evaluate ricin concentration in castor bean seeds (Ricinus communis) of 20 accessions from the Banco de Germoplasma de Mamoneira of the Embrapa Algodão, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil, using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Significant differences were observed among accessions. BRA 3271 had the highest ricin concentration in seeds (32.18 ng µg-1), and BRS Paraguaçu had the lowest (3.53 ng µg-1). There is the possibility of selecting genotypes with different ricin concentrations, which can be used according on the interest of the breeding programs.

Genetic transformation is a valuable tool for the development of plant varieties with desirable traits that are present in the species germplasm with low genetic variability, i.e., resistance to pests and diseases and nutritional improvements. Although transgenic and edited crops have been successfully obtained for many plant species, it remains difficult for common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), due to their recalcitrance to in vitro regeneration. This review discusses various methods employed, such as Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, biolistic (particle bombardment), and hairy root systems, noting their respective efficiencies and limitations. While there has been progress, including the development of the first transgenic common bean cultivar approved for commercialization (Embrapa 5.1), the article emphasizes the need for improved protocols and techniques for more efficient genetic transformation. It also touches upon the potential of gene editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 in overcoming existing challenges and facilitating the development of resilient bean varieties.