When turbidity currents carrying shallow heat enter stable stratified lakes or oceans, they can trigger changes in temperature, dissolved chemicals, oxygen concentrations, and nutrient mixing through the stable stratified environmental water. Although it is common for warm turbidity currents to invade stable regions, the impact of turbidity current characteristics on environmental entrainment and the impact of temperature changes caused by the mixing of warm turbidity currents with the environment remains poorly understood. In this study, systematic experiments on warm turbidity currents were conducted to understand how sediment-driven turbidity currents lead to mixing in stable stratification using existing environmental entrainment numbers. The experimental results show that the dimensionless numbers $R_s$ (the ratio of the change in environmental water concentration caused by salinity to sediment load), $R_T$ (the ratio of the change in environmental water concentration caused by temperature difference to sediment load), and $R_0$ (non-dimensional density ratio) control the flow process of warm turbid plumes, and corresponding functional relationships are summarized. The frequent occurrence of warm turbidity currents events caused by increasingly prominent environmental problems cannot be ignored, as it directly affects the deep-water environment of lakes or coastal oceans, which may be an important contribution to heat transfer that has not been evaluated in previous ocean events.

The research focuses on the complex stratification of the seabed, which is consistent with real marine geological conditions. This article presents the effects of four parameters—seabed shear modulus, permeability coefficient, porosity, and saturation—on the distribution of excess pore water pressure within the seabed by internal solitary waves (ISWs). Additionally, the changes in excess pore water pressure distribution in layered seabed are analyzed. The findings indicate that increases in saturation and permeability coefficient lead to deeper penetration of excess pore water pressure into the seabed by ISWs. Conversely, the effects of shear modulus and porosity are relatively minor and inversely related to the depth of influence of excess pore water pressure. When stratification occurs in the permeability coefficient and saturation of the seabed, significant alterations are observed in the downward propagation of excess pore water pressure. Saturation stratification exhibits similar effects, with soil layers exhibiting higher saturation levels being more conducive to the transmission of excess pore water pressure by ISWs. These research findings hold substantial implications for assessing seabed liquefaction and surface erosion processes induced by ISWs.

Utilizing seawater samples collected during the summer of 2025 in the Dingzi Bay region, South Yellow Sea, this study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the contents and concentrations of dissolved gases (N₂, O₂, Ar, CO₂) and hydrocarbon gases (such as methane, ethane, and propane). The findings reveal that the dissolved gases in the study area are predominantly composed of N₂ and O₂, with average proportions of 77.8% and 21.6%, respectively. Notably, significant CO₂ anomalies were detected at certain stations, which may indicate intense organic matter degradation or the introduction of external fluids. Furthermore, wet gas constituents, including propane, butane, and isobutane, were identified in several samples, suggesting potential submarine oil and gas seepage or subsurface thermogenic gas input. Spatial analysis revealed that anomalous points were primarily concentrated at stations CJ01, CJ08, CJ10, and CQ01, with no significant correlation to water depth, suggesting that their distribution may be influenced by local geological structures or bottom currents. This study elucidates the complexity and heterogeneity of dissolved gas composition in the waters of Dingzi Bay, thereby providing a novel scientific foundation for regional carbon cycle research, seabed resource exploration, and marine environmental monitoring.