Microbial proteins offer a sustainable alternative for animal nutrition. Rossellomorea marisflavi NDS, a bacterium isolated from seawater, was previously identified as a promising candidate due to its high protein content. This study aimed to enhance its single cell protein production through systemic fermentation optimization. Single-factor optimization in shake flask determined the optimal conditions to be: a salinity of 20‰ NaCl, a temperature of 32 °C, and an initial pH of 7.3, and a medium composed of 1% (w/v) corn flour, 1% peptone, 0.3% beef extract, and 0.2% KCl. Scaling up to a 10 L bioreactor demonstrated that a two-stage agitation strategy (150 rpm for the first 20 h followed by 180 rpm for the remaining 12 h) enhanced single cell protein yield. Furthermore, allowing the pH to fluctuate freely was more beneficial for protein production than maintaining a constant pH of 7.3 ± 0.02. Under these optimized conditions, the biomass composition (wet weight) was determined to be 2.3767 ± 0.0205% crude ash, 15.6013 ± 0.0082% crude protein, 0.1023 ± 0.0026% crude lipid, and 2.6997 ± 0.0021% carbohydrates. Amino acid analysis revealed a rich profile, with lysine and glutamic acid being the predominant essential and non-essential amino acids, respectively. Fatty acids analysis indicated that C14:1n5 was the most dominant. These findings underscore the potential of R. marisflavi NDS as a high-quality dietary protein supplement and provide a solid foundation for its industrial-scale production.

The razor clam Sinonovacula constricta, a commercially important and nutritionally valuable bivalve species, has been found to display notable responses to different light spectra. While previous research has highlighted the influence of light spectra on the growth, feeding rate, and various physiological characteristics of S. constricta, its impact on the biochemical composition of this species remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the proximate, fatty acid, and amino acid compositions of S. constricta cultured under various light spectra, including white, violet, blue, cyan, green, yellow, red, and darkness. Furthermore, we explored the potential molecular mechanisms underlying these observations through transcriptomic analysis. The results indicate that the light spectrum has a significant impact on the growth, biochemical composition, and gene expression of juvenile S. constricta. Specifically, culturing S. constricta under the yellow light led to improved growth rate (1.09 ± 0.03%/day), higher levels of carbohydrate (26.27% ± 0.49%), crude lipid (11.99% ± 0.23%), energy contents (14,611.34 ± 1,067.01 kJ/kg), and essential amino acids (15.22 ± 0.01 g/kg), as well as increased proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (12.38 ± 0.31 µg/mg). These findings suggest that yellow light may play a crucial role in enhancing the nutritional quality of S. constricta. Moreover, the transcriptomic analysis revealed that the yellow light treatment upregulated pathways related to fatty acid biosynthesis, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism and fatty acid metabolism. This indicates that yellow light may influence nutrient metabolism regulation in S. constricta, potentially leading to the observed changes in biochemical composition. Overall, our study recommends cultivating juvenile S. constricta under yellow light to optimize their growth and nutritional value. Further research could delve deeper into the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of different light spectra on S. constricta to enhance our understanding of how light influences aquaculture practices and the nutritional quality of seafood products.

Autolysis in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus is typically triggered by degradation caused by microorganisms within their bodies. However, information on this topic remains limited. Recently, we isolated and purified a bacterial strain from hydrolyzed instant sea cucumber samples. To investigate its potential role in the autolysis process, this study employed whole-genome sequencing and metabolomics to explore its genetic and metabolic characteristics. The identified strain was classified as Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus and designated with the number XL-2024. Its genome size is 5,075,210 bp with a GC content of 37.33%, encoding 5275 genes. Functional database comparisons revealed that the protein-coding genes were distributed among glucose metabolism hydrolase, metal hydrolase, lysozyme, cell wall hydrolase, and CAZymes. Compared to 20 closely related strains, L. xylanilyticus XL-2024 shared 1502 core homologous genes and had 707 specific genes. These specific genes were mainly involved in the carbohydrate metabolism pathway and exhibited glycosyl bond hydrolase activity. Metabolomic analysis showed that L. xlanilyticus XL-2024 produced several metabolites related to polysaccharide degradation, including peptidase, glucanase, and pectinase. Additionally, the presence of antibacterial metabolites such as propionic acid and ginkgo acid among its metabolites may enhance the stability of the sea cucumber hydrolysate. In summary, L. xylanilyticus XL-2024 may play a pivotal role in the autolysis of A. japonicus. The results of this study provide a strong foundation for understanding how to prevent autolysis in A. japonicus and for better utilizing L. xylanilyticus XL-2024.

The bioconversion of waste carbon into medium-chain carboxylic acids has become feasible, and their subsequent utilization for hydrocarbon production via the Kolbe reaction as a bioenergy source represents a highly promising route.

Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), is increasingly recognized as a functional feed additive in aquaculture. However, its effects on crustacean health and performance remain unclear. This meta-analysis synthesizes findings from 23 studies (2011–2025) examining butyrate supplementation across four crustacean groups: shrimp, crabs, crayfish, and prawns. Effect sizes were calculated for growth performance (final body weight, specific growth rate, survival rate), feed efficiency (feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio), and digestive enzyme activities (amylase, lipase, alkaline phosphatase, total protease) in freshwater and marine environments. Results indicate that butyrate supplementation generally enhanced the digestive enzyme activity in both freshwater and marine environments, although the magnitude of the effect varied among enzyme types and habitats, with freshwater species showing improvements in alkaline phosphatase, amylase, lipase, and total protease, and marine species showing improvements in amylase, lipase, and total protease. Feed efficiency improved in freshwater (protein efficiency ratio) and marine species (feed conversion ratio). Growth-related outcomes, including final body weight and survival rate, were generally improved across both environments. Dose–response analyses indicated that dietary inclusion levels of 1–2% were associated with the most consistent improvements in digestive enzyme activity and growth performance. These findings support the potential use of butyrate as a functional feed strategy to improve productivity and sustainability in crustacean aquaculture. These effects may be mediated by multiple mechanisms, including improved intestinal epithelial integrity, the modulation of gut microbiota, and the regulation of immune and metabolic processes.