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Madeline E. Schreiber
Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA

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Journal article
Published: 26 May 2021 in Water
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We used a reactive transport model to investigate the cycling of geogenic arsenic (As) in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer. We simulated As mobilization and sequestration using surface complexation reactions with Fe(OH)3 during petroleum biodegradation coupled with Fe-reduction. Model results predict that dissolved As in the plume will exceed the U.S. and EU 10 µg/L drinking water standard for ~400 years. Non-volatile dissolved organic carbon (NVDOC) in the model promotes As mobilization by exerting oxygen demand, which maintains anoxic conditions in the aquifer. After NVDOC degrades, As re-associates with Fe(OH)3 as oxygenated conditions are re-established. Over the 400-year simulation, As transport resembles a “roll front” in which: (1) arsenic sorbed to Fe(OH)3 is released during Fe-reduction coupled to petroleum biodegradation; (2) dissolved As resorbs to Fe(OH)3 at the plume’s leading edge; and (3) over time, the plume expands, and resorbed As is re-released into groundwater. This “roll front” behavior underscores the transience of sorption as an As attenuation mechanism. Over the plume’s lifespan, simulations suggest that As will contaminate more groundwater than benzene from the oil spill. At its maximum, the model simulates that ~5.7× more groundwater will be contaminated by As than benzene, suggesting that As could pose a greater long-term water quality threat than benzene in this petroleum-contaminated aquifer.

ACS Style

Brady Ziegler; G.-H. Ng; Isabelle Cozzarelli; Aubrey Dunshee; Madeline Schreiber. Arsenic in Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater near Bemidji, Minnesota Is Predicted to Persist for Centuries. Water 2021, 13, 1485 .

AMA Style

Brady Ziegler, G.-H. Ng, Isabelle Cozzarelli, Aubrey Dunshee, Madeline Schreiber. Arsenic in Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater near Bemidji, Minnesota Is Predicted to Persist for Centuries. Water. 2021; 13 (11):1485.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brady Ziegler; G.-H. Ng; Isabelle Cozzarelli; Aubrey Dunshee; Madeline Schreiber. 2021. "Arsenic in Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater near Bemidji, Minnesota Is Predicted to Persist for Centuries." Water 13, no. 11: 1485.

Journal article
Published: 18 March 2021 in Hydrology
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Provision of safe drinking water by water utilities is challenged by disturbances to water quality that have become increasingly frequent due to global changes and anthropogenic impacts. Many water utilities are turning to adaptable and flexible strategies to allow for resilient management of drinking water supplies. The success of resilience-based management depends on, and is enabled by, positive relationships with the public. To understand how relationships between managers and communities spill over to in-home drinking water behavior, we examined the role of trust, risk perceptions, salience of drinking water, and water quality evaluations in the choice of in-home drinking water sources for a population in Roanoke Virginia. Using survey data, our study characterized patterns of in-home drinking water behavior and explored related perceptions to determine if residents’ perceptions of their water and the municipal water utility could be intuited from this behavior. We characterized drinking water behavior using a hierarchical cluster analysis and highlighted the importance of studying a range of drinking water patterns. Through analyses of variance, we found that people who drink more tap water have higher trust in their water managers, evaluate water quality more favorably, have lower risk perceptions, and pay less attention to changes in their tap water. Utility managers may gauge information about aspects of their relationships with communities by examining drinking water behavior, which can be used to inform their future interactions with the public, with the goal of increasing resilience and adaptability to external water supply threats.

ACS Style

Madeline Grupper; Madeline Schreiber; Michael Sorice. How Perceptions of Trust, Risk, Tap Water Quality, and Salience Characterize Drinking Water Choices. Hydrology 2021, 8, 49 .

AMA Style

Madeline Grupper, Madeline Schreiber, Michael Sorice. How Perceptions of Trust, Risk, Tap Water Quality, and Salience Characterize Drinking Water Choices. Hydrology. 2021; 8 (1):49.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Madeline Grupper; Madeline Schreiber; Michael Sorice. 2021. "How Perceptions of Trust, Risk, Tap Water Quality, and Salience Characterize Drinking Water Choices." Hydrology 8, no. 1: 49.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2020 in Journal of Hazardous Materials
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Arsenic (As) is a toxic trace element with many sources, including hydrocarbons such as oil, natural gas, oil sands, and oil- and gas-bearing shales. Arsenic from these hydrocarbon sources can be released to the environment through human activities of hydrocarbon production, storage, transportation and use. In addition, accidental release of hydrocarbons to aquifers with naturally occurring (geogenic) As can induce mobilization of As to groundwater through biogeochemical reactions triggered by hydrocarbon biodegradation. In this paper, we review the occurrence of As in different hydrocarbons and the release of As from these sources into the environment. We also examine the occurrence of As in wastes from hydrocarbon production, including produced water and sludge. Last, we discuss the potential for As release related to waste management, including accidental or intentional releases, and recycling and reuse of these wastes.

ACS Style

Madeline E. Schreiber; Isabelle M. Cozzarelli. Arsenic release to the environment from hydrocarbon production, storage, transportation, use and waste management. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2020, 411, 125013 .

AMA Style

Madeline E. Schreiber, Isabelle M. Cozzarelli. Arsenic release to the environment from hydrocarbon production, storage, transportation, use and waste management. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2020; 411 ():125013.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Madeline E. Schreiber; Isabelle M. Cozzarelli. 2020. "Arsenic release to the environment from hydrocarbon production, storage, transportation, use and waste management." Journal of Hazardous Materials 411, no. : 125013.

Article
Published: 23 November 2020 in Ecosystems
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Lakes and reservoirs globally are experiencing unprecedented changes in land use and climate, depleting dissolved oxygen (DO) in the bottom waters (hypolimnia) of these ecosystems. Because DO is the most energetically favorable terminal electron acceptor (TEA) for organic carbon mineralization, its availability controls the onset of alternate TEA pathways (for example, denitrification, manganese reduction, iron reduction, sulfate reduction, methanogenesis). Low DO concentrations can trigger organic carbon mineralization via alternate TEA pathways in the water column and sediments, which has important implications for greenhouse gas production [carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4)]. In this study, we experimentally injected supersaturated DO into the hypolimnion of a eutrophic reservoir and measured concentrations of TEAs and terminal electron products (TEPs) in the experimental reservoir and an upstream reference reservoir. We calculated the electron equivalents yielded from each TEA pathway and estimated the contributions of each TEA pathway to organic carbon processing in both reservoirs. DO additions to the hypolimnion of the experimental reservoir promoted aerobic respiration, suppressing most alternate TEA pathways and resulting in elevated CO2 accumulation. In comparison, organic carbon mineralization in the reference reservoir’s anoxic hypolimnion was dominated by alternate TEA pathways, resulting in both CH4 and CO2 accumulation. Our ecosystem-scale experiments demonstrate that the alternate TEA pathways that succeed aerobic respiration in lakes and reservoirs can be manipulated at the ecosystem scale. Moreover, changes in the DO dynamics of freshwater lakes and reservoirs may result in concomitant changes in the redox reactions in the water column that control organic carbon mineralization and greenhouse gas accumulation.

ACS Style

Ryan P. McClure; Madeline E. Schreiber; Mary E. Lofton; Shengyang Chen; Kathryn M. Krueger; Cayelan C. Carey. Ecosystem-Scale Oxygen Manipulations Alter Terminal Electron Acceptor Pathways in a Eutrophic Reservoir. Ecosystems 2020, 1 -18.

AMA Style

Ryan P. McClure, Madeline E. Schreiber, Mary E. Lofton, Shengyang Chen, Kathryn M. Krueger, Cayelan C. Carey. Ecosystem-Scale Oxygen Manipulations Alter Terminal Electron Acceptor Pathways in a Eutrophic Reservoir. Ecosystems. 2020; ():1-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryan P. McClure; Madeline E. Schreiber; Mary E. Lofton; Shengyang Chen; Kathryn M. Krueger; Cayelan C. Carey. 2020. "Ecosystem-Scale Oxygen Manipulations Alter Terminal Electron Acceptor Pathways in a Eutrophic Reservoir." Ecosystems , no. : 1-18.

Conference paper
Published: 03 September 2020 in 2006 Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings
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Integrating a Sentence-Headline Design of Teaching Slides With Active-Learning Measures in a Large Class Abstract In large classes, instructors often project and then post presentation slides to communicate important information. As recently shown, using teaching slides that have a succinct sentence headline supported by visual evidence, rather than the traditional phrase headline supported by a bullet list, has led to statistically significant increases in knowledge transferred and retained. The increases are even more pronounced when the assertion to be retained by the students appears in the slide’s sentence headline. Having such a design for the teaching slides, though, has two disadvantages. One is that since the sentence headlines state the key assertions of the class, the instructor does not have as many opportunities to ask questions and therefore engage the class in an active way. A second is that because these slides stand as a complete set of notes, some students mistakenly assume that they need not attend class—they can just review the class by viewing the posted slides. This paper assesses a new approach that integrates this new design for teaching slides with two active learning measures in a large geosciences course (200 students) at Virginia Tech. One active learning measure consisted of creating two versions of the slides: a pre-lecture version and a post-lecture version. Because the pre-lecture version contained blanks to be filled in, the instructor had more opportunities to ask questions. In this study, the average number of questions that the instructor posed to the students increased from fewer than 5 (for previous semesters) to more than 20 (for this study’s semester). Moreover, because of the blanks to be filled in during class, this version of the slides promoted note taking. Surveys of students indicate that 88 percent of enrolled students printed out these slides and brought them to class for taking notes. To promote attendance and to emphasize key concepts, a second active-learning measure was adopted: a multiple-choice quiz at the end of class that queried students on the information in the blank spaces of the pre-lecture slides. This measure encouraged students not only to attend class, but also to pay attention and take notes. The first goal was met, as indicated by the increase in attendance from an average 69% for sections taught in a traditional fashion to an average of 83% for the section taught with this new approach. A chi-square analysis showed that this difference is statistically significant (p .001). The second goal was also met, as indicated by the high scores on the end-of-class quizzes: an average of 95%. To assess how much students retained information with this new approach, we compared the first examination scores on 20 questions for this class of 200 students with the scores on the same questions for similar-sized classes of students that learned with a traditional approach. Ten of these questions required the students to recall knowledge on the slides, and ten of these questions required students to comprehend information on the slides. The average on the 20 questions increased from 72% correct for students taught by the traditional approach to 79%

ACS Style

Katrina Ramsdell; Madeline Schreiber; Maura Borrego; Michael Alley. Integrating A New Design Of Teaching Slides With Active Learning Measures In A Large Class. 2006 Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings 2020, 11.778.1 -11.778.14.

AMA Style

Katrina Ramsdell, Madeline Schreiber, Maura Borrego, Michael Alley. Integrating A New Design Of Teaching Slides With Active Learning Measures In A Large Class. 2006 Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings. 2020; ():11.778.1-11.778.14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katrina Ramsdell; Madeline Schreiber; Maura Borrego; Michael Alley. 2020. "Integrating A New Design Of Teaching Slides With Active Learning Measures In A Large Class." 2006 Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings , no. : 11.778.1-11.778.14.

Conference paper
Published: 03 September 2020 in 2006 Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings
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Testing the Effect of Sentence Headlines in Teaching Slides Abstract For the teaching slides in engineering and science classes, instructors often follow the defaults of Microsoft PowerPoint and choose a single word or short phrase as the headline. This paper challenges that practice with experimental evidence showing that a different design using a succinct sentence headline to identify the main assertion of a slide leads to statistically significant increases in the transfer and retention of that assertion. The experimental tests occurred in a large, lecture-based geoscience course that typically had 200 students per section. For the study, the same instructor, during five class periods, used about 100 slides with mostly phrase headlines to communicate the information to two sections of students and then used the same number of slides with succinct sentence headlines to communicate the same information to two additional sections. In the slide transformations, other changes occurred such as typographical changes and conversions of bullet lists to more visual evidence. However, for the fifteen slide transformations considered in this study, the principal change was the conversion of a traditional headline to a succinct sentence headline. For example, in one transformation, the phrase headline Placer Deposits in the original slide was changed to Placer deposits arise from erosion of lode deposits in the transformed slide. When asked to recall the main assertions of slides, the students in the sections taught with the sentence-headline slides had significantly higher recall. For the fifteen questions in the study, the average score for the students viewing the sentence-headline slides was 79% correct, while the average for the students viewing the traditional slides was only 69% correct. A chi-square analysis shows that this difference is statistically significant at the 0.001 significance level. On seven of the fifteen questions, the students in the section with the sentence- headline slides achieved statistically significant higher scores (three at the 0.001 significance level, three at the 0.005 significance level, and one at the 0.025 significance level), while on only two questions did these same students achieve lower test scores that were statistically significant (both at the 0.01 significance level). In this classroom situation, all four sections of students not only viewed the slides during class, but also had access to the slides as notes after the presentation. The results of these tests have implications in the way that educators design not only their teaching slides, but also their research slides. Introduction The typography and layout defaults of Microsoft PowerPoint, which has 95 percent of the market share for presentation slide software [1], compel presenters to create headlines that are single words or short phrases. Not surprisingly, in a typical

ACS Style

Michael Alley; Madeline Schreiber; Katrina Ramsdell; John Muffo; Maura Borrego. Testing The Effect Of Sentence Headlines In Teaching Slides. 2006 Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings 2020, 11.1246.1 -11.1246.15.

AMA Style

Michael Alley, Madeline Schreiber, Katrina Ramsdell, John Muffo, Maura Borrego. Testing The Effect Of Sentence Headlines In Teaching Slides. 2006 Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings. 2020; ():11.1246.1-11.1246.15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Alley; Madeline Schreiber; Katrina Ramsdell; John Muffo; Maura Borrego. 2020. "Testing The Effect Of Sentence Headlines In Teaching Slides." 2006 Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings , no. : 11.1246.1-11.1246.15.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2020 in Water Research
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ACS Style

Kathryn M. Krueger; Claire E. Vavrus; Mary E. Lofton; Ryan P. McClure; Paul Gantzer; Cayelan C. Carey; Madeline E. Schreiber. Iron and manganese fluxes across the sediment-water interface in a drinking water reservoir. Water Research 2020, 182, 1 .

AMA Style

Kathryn M. Krueger, Claire E. Vavrus, Mary E. Lofton, Ryan P. McClure, Paul Gantzer, Cayelan C. Carey, Madeline E. Schreiber. Iron and manganese fluxes across the sediment-water interface in a drinking water reservoir. Water Research. 2020; 182 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kathryn M. Krueger; Claire E. Vavrus; Mary E. Lofton; Ryan P. McClure; Paul Gantzer; Cayelan C. Carey; Madeline E. Schreiber. 2020. "Iron and manganese fluxes across the sediment-water interface in a drinking water reservoir." Water Research 182, no. : 1.

Original articles
Published: 27 February 2019 in Lake and Reservoir Management
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Munger ZW, Carey CC, Gerling AB, Doubek JP, Hamre KD, McClure RP, Schreiber ME. 2018. Oxygenation and hydrologic controls on iron and manganese mass budgets in a drinking-water reservoir. Lake Reserv Manage. XX:XXX–XXX. In seasonally stratified lakes and reservoirs, fluctuating hypolimnetic oxygen and hydrologic conditions in the watershed can influence the retention of metals and their exchange between the sediments and water column. In particular, iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) cycling at the sediment–water interface can be dynamic in response to variability in the watershed and within the waterbody, which has substantial implications for drinking water quality. We calculated a mass budget for Fe and Mn in a shallow drinking-water reservoir over a 2-year period in which we manipulated the tributary inflow rate and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in the hypolimnion at the reservoir scale. We found that the net Fe and Mn release from the sediments into the water column was suppressed during oxygenation; however, both metals continued to be released from the sediments, even during well-oxygenated conditions. Oxygenation in the hypolimnion had no effect on the net export of metals from the reservoir to downstream. Instead, the overall net export of Fe and Mn during the stratified period was influenced by hydrologic inflows. In summary, we found that manipulating hypolimnetic oxygenation had an important effect on the cycling of Fe and Mn within the hypolimnion, but that the net retention of metals in the reservoir was driven primarily by hydrology.

ACS Style

Zackary W. Munger; Cayelan C. Carey; Alexandra B. Gerling; Jonathan P. Doubek; Kathleen D. Hamre; Ryan P. McClure; Madeline E. Schreiber. Oxygenation and hydrologic controls on iron and manganese mass budgets in a drinking-water reservoir. Lake and Reservoir Management 2019, 35, 277 -291.

AMA Style

Zackary W. Munger, Cayelan C. Carey, Alexandra B. Gerling, Jonathan P. Doubek, Kathleen D. Hamre, Ryan P. McClure, Madeline E. Schreiber. Oxygenation and hydrologic controls on iron and manganese mass budgets in a drinking-water reservoir. Lake and Reservoir Management. 2019; 35 (3):277-291.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zackary W. Munger; Cayelan C. Carey; Alexandra B. Gerling; Jonathan P. Doubek; Kathleen D. Hamre; Ryan P. McClure; Madeline E. Schreiber. 2019. "Oxygenation and hydrologic controls on iron and manganese mass budgets in a drinking-water reservoir." Lake and Reservoir Management 35, no. 3: 277-291.

Journal article
Published: 11 February 2019 in Applied Geochemistry
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This paper describes a mixed flow reactor experiment and associated data analysis scheme that are well suited for studying the chemical and physical processes that occur in limestone drains used to treat acid mine drainage (AMD). The experiment simulates the slowly evolving, near steady state, reactions that form coatings on limestone. The resulting coatings can be recovered for analysis of their structure and composition. Analysis of the time evolution of the composition of the effluent solutions is used to isolate and understand key factors that affect limestone drain performance. The experiment investigated reactions between acidic aluminum sulfate solutions and calcite, which form poorly crystalline gibbsite coatings on the calcite. The aluminum sulfate feed solutions contained 0.002–0.01 m (32–329 mg/kg) Al had pH values ranging from 3.7 to 4.2. At the beginning each experiment, the rate of H+ consumption by reaction with the calcite was fast causing a distinct increase of the effluent pH. The pH increase caused some of the dissolved Al to precipitate as a coating on the calcite surfaces. The coating blocked the transfer of ions to and from the calcite causing the reaction rates to be limited by the ion diffusion through the coating. The continued growth of the coating caused it to become an increasingly effective barrier to ion transport, which caused the neutralization rate to slow and the effluent solution pH to decline toward that of the feed solution. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) indicated that the coatings were mostly amorphous Al(OH)3. Effluent solutions were analyzed to determine pH along with Al, Ca and S concentrations. The coating thickness at each sample time was estimated from the amount of Al lost from the solution since the beginning of the experiment. This thickness and the Ca and H+ fluxes were used to find the apparent H+ diffusion coefficient in the coatings.

ACS Style

Sheyla B. Palomino-Ore; J. Donald Rimstidt; John A. Chermak; Madeline E. Schreiber; Robert R. Seal. Aluminum hydroxide coatings in limestone drains. Applied Geochemistry 2019, 103, 23 -30.

AMA Style

Sheyla B. Palomino-Ore, J. Donald Rimstidt, John A. Chermak, Madeline E. Schreiber, Robert R. Seal. Aluminum hydroxide coatings in limestone drains. Applied Geochemistry. 2019; 103 ():23-30.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sheyla B. Palomino-Ore; J. Donald Rimstidt; John A. Chermak; Madeline E. Schreiber; Robert R. Seal. 2019. "Aluminum hydroxide coatings in limestone drains." Applied Geochemistry 103, no. : 23-30.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in Freshwater Science
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Cyanobacterial blooms are increasing in waterbodies worldwide because of anthropogenic forcing. Most blooms occur at the water’s surface, but some cyanobacterial taxa, such as Planktothrix, are able to modify their buoyancy to access more favorable growing conditions in deeper waters. Here, we used in situ fluorometry to examine the vertical distribution and biomass of Planktothrix in a seasonally anoxic reservoir for 3 consecutive summers. We also collected depth profiles of photosynthetically active radiation, temperature, and nutrients to evaluate which environmental drivers were most important for predicting Planktothrix biomass. In all 3 summers, Planktothrix dominated the phytoplankton community, exhibiting a large (concentrations ~100 μg/L), persistent (lasting ~100 d) bloom below the thermocline. The bloom consistently exhibited maximum biomass at or below the depth reached by 1% of surface light. Light availability probably was the most important factor driving the vertical distribution of the stratified Planktothrix bloom, and light, temperature, and nutrients together were strong predictors of cyanobacterial biomass in the hypolimnion, explaining 71 to 93% of the variation in biomass. Our data suggest that Planktothrix remained in the hypolimnion where nutrient availability was maximized, while progressing slightly upward in the water column through each summer in response to light limitation. Our findings demonstrate that Planktothrix can dominate in low light and anoxic conditions and can form persistent blooms that last for multiple months. As cyanobacterial blooms become more prevalent, monitoring cyanobacteria at the surface and at depth will become critically important in freshwater ecosystems.

ACS Style

Kathleen D. Hamre; Mary E. Lofton; Ryan P. McClure; Zackary W. Munger; Jonathan P. Doubek; Alexandra B. Gerling; Madeline Schreiber; Cayelan C. Carey. In situ fluorometry reveals a persistent, perennial hypolimnetic cyanobacterial bloom in a seasonally anoxic reservoir. Freshwater Science 2018, 37, 483 -495.

AMA Style

Kathleen D. Hamre, Mary E. Lofton, Ryan P. McClure, Zackary W. Munger, Jonathan P. Doubek, Alexandra B. Gerling, Madeline Schreiber, Cayelan C. Carey. In situ fluorometry reveals a persistent, perennial hypolimnetic cyanobacterial bloom in a seasonally anoxic reservoir. Freshwater Science. 2018; 37 (3):483-495.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kathleen D. Hamre; Mary E. Lofton; Ryan P. McClure; Zackary W. Munger; Jonathan P. Doubek; Alexandra B. Gerling; Madeline Schreiber; Cayelan C. Carey. 2018. "In situ fluorometry reveals a persistent, perennial hypolimnetic cyanobacterial bloom in a seasonally anoxic reservoir." Freshwater Science 37, no. 3: 483-495.

Journal article
Published: 18 April 2018 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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We investigated if geologic factors are linked to elevated arsenic (As) concentrations above 5 μg/L in well water in the state of Virginia, USA. Using geologic unit data mapped within GIS and two datasets of measured As concentrations in well water (one from public wells, the other from private wells), we evaluated occurrences of elevated As (above 5 μg/L) based on geologic unit. We also constructed a logistic regression model to examine statistical relationships between elevated As and geologic units. Two geologic units, including Triassic-aged sedimentary rocks and Triassic-Jurassic intrusives of the Culpeper Basin in north-central Virginia, had higher occurrences of elevated As in well water than other geologic units in Virginia. Model results support these patterns, showing a higher probability for As occurrence above 5 μg/L in well water in these two units. Due to the lack of observations (<5%) having elevated As concentrations in our data set, our model cannot be used to predict As concentrations in other parts of the state. However, our results are useful for identifying areas of Virginia, defined by underlying geology, that are more likely to have elevated As concentrations in well water. Due to the ease of obtaining publicly available data and the accessibility of GIS, this study approach can be applied to other areas with existing datasets of As concentrations in well water and accessible data on geology.

ACS Style

Tiffany Vanderwerker; Lin Zhang; Erin Ling; Brian Benham; Madeline Schreiber. Evaluating Geologic Sources of Arsenic in Well Water in Virginia (USA). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 787 .

AMA Style

Tiffany Vanderwerker, Lin Zhang, Erin Ling, Brian Benham, Madeline Schreiber. Evaluating Geologic Sources of Arsenic in Well Water in Virginia (USA). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (4):787.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiffany Vanderwerker; Lin Zhang; Erin Ling; Brian Benham; Madeline Schreiber. 2018. "Evaluating Geologic Sources of Arsenic in Well Water in Virginia (USA)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 4: 787.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Environmental Pollution
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Natural attenuation of organic contaminants in groundwater can give rise to a series of complex biogeochemical reactions that release secondary contaminants to groundwater. In a crude oil contaminated aquifer, biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons is coupled with the reduction of ferric iron (Fe(III)) hydroxides in aquifer sediments. As a result, naturally occurring arsenic (As) adsorbed to Fe(III) hydroxides in the aquifer sediment is mobilized from sediment into groundwater. However, Fe(III) in sediment of other zones of the aquifer has the capacity to attenuate dissolved As via resorption. In order to better evaluate how long-term biodegradation coupled with Fe-reduction and As mobilization can redistribute As mass in contaminated aquifer, we quantified mass partitioning of Fe and As in the aquifer based on field observation data. Results show that Fe and As are spatially correlated in both groundwater and aquifer sediments. Mass partitioning calculations demonstrate that 99.9% of Fe and 99.5% of As are associated with aquifer sediment. The sediments act as both sources and sinks for As, depending on the redox conditions in the aquifer. Calculations reveal that at least 78% of the original As in sediment near the oil has been mobilized into groundwater over the 35-year lifespan of the plume. However, the calculations also show that only a small percentage of As (∼0.5%) remains in groundwater, due to resorption onto sediment. At the leading edge of the plume, where groundwater is suboxic, sediments sequester Fe and As, causing As to accumulate to concentrations 5.6 times greater than background concentrations. Current As sinks can serve as future sources of As as the plume evolves over time. The mass balance approach used in this study can be applied to As cycling in other aquifers where groundwater As results from biodegradation of an organic carbon point source coupled with Fe reduction.

ACS Style

Brady A. Ziegler; Madeline E. Schreiber; Isabelle M. Cozzarelli; G.-H. Crystal Ng. A mass balance approach to investigate arsenic cycling in a petroleum plume. Environmental Pollution 2017, 231, 1351 -1361.

AMA Style

Brady A. Ziegler, Madeline E. Schreiber, Isabelle M. Cozzarelli, G.-H. Crystal Ng. A mass balance approach to investigate arsenic cycling in a petroleum plume. Environmental Pollution. 2017; 231 ():1351-1361.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brady A. Ziegler; Madeline E. Schreiber; Isabelle M. Cozzarelli; G.-H. Crystal Ng. 2017. "A mass balance approach to investigate arsenic cycling in a petroleum plume." Environmental Pollution 231, no. : 1351-1361.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Journal of Contaminant Hydrology
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In a crude-oil-contaminated sandy aquifer at the Bemidji site in northern Minnesota, biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons has resulted in release of naturally occurring As to groundwater under Fe-reducing conditions. This study used chemical extractions of aquifer sediments collected in 1993 and 2011-2014 to evaluate the relationship between Fe and As in different redox zones (oxic, methanogenic, Fe-reducing, anoxic-suboxic transition) of the contaminated aquifer over a twenty-year period. Results show that 1) the aquifer has the capacity to naturally attenuate the plume of dissolved As, primarily through sorption; 2) Fe and As are linearly correlated in sediment across all redox zones, and a regression analysis between Fe and As reasonably predicted As concentrations in sediment from 1993 using only Fe concentrations; 3) an As-rich "iron curtain," associated with the anoxic-suboxic transition zone, migrated 30m downgradient between 1993 and 2013 as a result of the hydrocarbon plume evolution; and 4) silt lenses in the aquifer preferentially sequester dissolved As, though As is remobilized into groundwater from sediment after reducing conditions are established. Using results of this study coupled with historical data, we develop a conceptual model which summarizes the natural attenuation of As and Fe over time and space that can be applied to other sites that experience As mobilization due to an influx of bioavailable organic matter.

ACS Style

Brady A. Ziegler; Madeline E. Schreiber; Isabelle M. Cozzarelli. The role of alluvial aquifer sediments in attenuating a dissolved arsenic plume. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 2017, 204, 90 -101.

AMA Style

Brady A. Ziegler, Madeline E. Schreiber, Isabelle M. Cozzarelli. The role of alluvial aquifer sediments in attenuating a dissolved arsenic plume. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 2017; 204 ():90-101.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brady A. Ziegler; Madeline E. Schreiber; Isabelle M. Cozzarelli. 2017. "The role of alluvial aquifer sediments in attenuating a dissolved arsenic plume." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 204, no. : 90-101.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2017 in Environmental Pollution
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Trace elements are added to poultry feed to control infection and improve weight gain. However, the fate of these trace elements in poultry litter is poorly understood. Because poultry litter is applied as fertilizer in many agricultural regions, evaluation of the environmental processes that influence the mobility of litter-derived trace elements is critical for predicting if trace elements are retained in soil or released to water. This study examined the effect of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in poultry litter leachate on the fate and transport of litter-derived elements (As, Cu, P and Zn) using laboratory column experiments with soil collected from the Delmarva Peninsula (Mid-Atlantic, USA), a region of intense poultry production. Results of the experiments showed that DOC enhanced the mobility of all of the studied elements. However, despite the increased mobility, 60-70% of Zn, As and P mass was retained within the soil. In contrast, almost all of the Cu was mobilized in the litter leachate experiments, with very little retention in soil. Overall, our results demonstrate that the mobility of As, Cu, Zn and P in soils which receive poultry litter application is strongly influenced by both litter leachate composition, specifically organic acids, and adsorption to soil. Results have implications for understanding fate and transport of trace elements released from litter application to soil water and groundwater, which can affect both human health and the environment.

ACS Style

Oluyinka Oyewumi; Madeline E. Schreiber. Using column experiments to examine transport of As and other trace elements released from poultry litter: Implications for trace element mobility in agricultural watersheds. Environmental Pollution 2017, 227, 223 -233.

AMA Style

Oluyinka Oyewumi, Madeline E. Schreiber. Using column experiments to examine transport of As and other trace elements released from poultry litter: Implications for trace element mobility in agricultural watersheds. Environmental Pollution. 2017; 227 ():223-233.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oluyinka Oyewumi; Madeline E. Schreiber. 2017. "Using column experiments to examine transport of As and other trace elements released from poultry litter: Implications for trace element mobility in agricultural watersheds." Environmental Pollution 227, no. : 223-233.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2017 in Earth-Science Reviews
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ACS Style

J. Donald Rimstidt; John A. Chermak; Madeline E. Schreiber. Processes that control mineral and element abundances in shales. Earth-Science Reviews 2017, 171, 383 -399.

AMA Style

J. Donald Rimstidt, John A. Chermak, Madeline E. Schreiber. Processes that control mineral and element abundances in shales. Earth-Science Reviews. 2017; 171 ():383-399.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Donald Rimstidt; John A. Chermak; Madeline E. Schreiber. 2017. "Processes that control mineral and element abundances in shales." Earth-Science Reviews 171, no. : 383-399.

Article
Published: 16 February 2017 in Hydrological Processes
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The presence of metals, including manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe), adversely impacts water quality. In seasonally stratified reservoirs, Mn and Fe can accumulate in the water column due to reducing conditions in sediments and be released to downstream rivers through dam discharge. In addition to reservoir stratification influences, the release of metals downstream is influenced by hydrologic conditions in the river. We examined the seasonal and spatial variability of Mn and Fe concentrations in a eutrophic, hydropower reservoir and the downstream river over a two-year period. Overall, we found that reservoir stratification was a strong predictor of tailrace Mn and Fe concentrations but that tailrace Fe concentrations were also influenced by dam discharge. Downgradient of the tailrace, river discharge and suspended sediment were the dominant predictors of both Mn and Fe concentrations. Using our data, we develop a conceptual model of seasonal and hydrologic drivers of metal concentrations. The model can be modified for other systems aiding drinking water utilities and other water users in forecasting under what seasonal and hydrologic conditions that Mn and Fe concentrations in river systems are likely to be elevated.

ACS Style

Zackary W. Munger; Thomas D. Shahady; Madeline E. Schreiber. Effects of reservoir stratification and watershed hydrology on manganese and iron in a dam-regulated river. Hydrological Processes 2017, 31, 1622 -1635.

AMA Style

Zackary W. Munger, Thomas D. Shahady, Madeline E. Schreiber. Effects of reservoir stratification and watershed hydrology on manganese and iron in a dam-regulated river. Hydrological Processes. 2017; 31 (8):1622-1635.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zackary W. Munger; Thomas D. Shahady; Madeline E. Schreiber. 2017. "Effects of reservoir stratification and watershed hydrology on manganese and iron in a dam-regulated river." Hydrological Processes 31, no. 8: 1622-1635.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2017 in Environmental and Engineering Geoscience
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The release of geogenic elements to water supplies is an issue of worldwide concern. Because these elements occur naturally and are often present in a variety of geologic materials, delineating sources and fates of these elements can be challenging. In this study, we examine connections between manganese (Mn) in modern groundwater, bedrock geology, and ores in the Roanoke River watershed of the Piedmont Province, Virginia. In the watershed, Mn concentrations in groundwater are often elevated above secondary drinking water standards. Evaluation of chemical characteristics of groundwater and geologic materials within the region suggests that carbonate-bearing lithologies are likely sources of Mn to groundwater. The inverse correlation of Mn with dissolved oxygen concentrations in groundwater suggests that once released from chemical weathering, Mn persists in groundwater under reducing conditions that develop along flowpaths. Analysis of Mn ores of the James River–Roanoke River Manganese District provides support that the ore deposits are supergene in origin, consistent with previous models. However, in contrast to previous models suggesting ore formation from downward flow of groundwater, our analysis of ore formation in the context of groundwater geochemistry supports an upwelling model of ore formation in which Mn oxides were precipitated near discharge zones. Overall, our results suggest that Mn cycling in the region has been active over geologic time, as Mn-rich groundwater discharges to riverine systems, both past and present. Thus, the processes that formed the Mn ores in the past are still occurring in the modern day.

ACS Style

Zachary A. Kiracofe; William S. Henika; Madeline E. Schreiber. Assessing the Geological Sources of Manganese in the Roanoke River Watershed, Virginia. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 2017, 23, 43 -64.

AMA Style

Zachary A. Kiracofe, William S. Henika, Madeline E. Schreiber. Assessing the Geological Sources of Manganese in the Roanoke River Watershed, Virginia. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience. 2017; 23 (1):43-64.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zachary A. Kiracofe; William S. Henika; Madeline E. Schreiber. 2017. "Assessing the Geological Sources of Manganese in the Roanoke River Watershed, Virginia." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 23, no. 1: 43-64.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2016 in Water Research
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The accumulation of Fe and Mn in seasonally stratified drinking water reservoirs adversely impacts water quality. To control issues with Fe and Mn at the source, some drinking water utilities have deployed hypolimnetic oxygenation systems to create well-oxygenated conditions in the water column that are favorable for the oxidation, and thus removal, of Fe and Mn. However, in addition to being controlled by dissolved oxygen (DO), Fe and Mn concentrations are also influenced by pH and metal-oxidizing microorganisms. We studied the response of Fe and Mn concentrations to hypolimnetic oxygenation in a shallow drinking water reservoir in Vinton, Virginia, USA by sequentially activating and deactivating an oxygenation system over two summers. We found that maintaining well-oxygenated conditions effectively prevented the accumulation of soluble Fe in the hypolimnion. However, while the rate of Mn oxidation increased under well-oxygenated conditions, soluble Mn still accumulated in the slightly acidic to neutral (pH 5.6 to 7.5) hypolimnion. In parallel, we conducted laboratory incubation experiments, which showed that the presence of Mn-oxidizing microorganisms increased the rate of Mn oxidation in comparison with rates under oxic, abiotic conditions. Combined, our field and laboratory results demonstrate that increasing DO concentrations in the water column is important for stimulating the oxidation of Fe and Mn, but that the successful management of Mn is also tied to the activity of Mn-oxidizing organisms in the water column and favorable (neutral to alkaline) pH.

ACS Style

Zackary W. Munger; Cayelan C. Carey; Alexandra B. Gerling; Kathleen D. Hamre; Jonathan P. Doubek; Spencer D. Klepatzki; Ryan P. McClure; Madeline Schreiber. Effectiveness of hypolimnetic oxygenation for preventing accumulation of Fe and Mn in a drinking water reservoir. Water Research 2016, 106, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Zackary W. Munger, Cayelan C. Carey, Alexandra B. Gerling, Kathleen D. Hamre, Jonathan P. Doubek, Spencer D. Klepatzki, Ryan P. McClure, Madeline Schreiber. Effectiveness of hypolimnetic oxygenation for preventing accumulation of Fe and Mn in a drinking water reservoir. Water Research. 2016; 106 ():1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zackary W. Munger; Cayelan C. Carey; Alexandra B. Gerling; Kathleen D. Hamre; Jonathan P. Doubek; Spencer D. Klepatzki; Ryan P. McClure; Madeline Schreiber. 2016. "Effectiveness of hypolimnetic oxygenation for preventing accumulation of Fe and Mn in a drinking water reservoir." Water Research 106, no. : 1-14.

Journal article
Published: 22 August 2016 in Environmental and Engineering Geoscience
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The release of geogenic elements to water supplies is an issue of worldwide concern. Because these elements occur naturally and are often present in a variety of geologic materials, delineating sources and fates of these elements can be challenging. In this study, we examine connections between manganese (Mn) in modern groundwater, bedrock geology, and ores in the Roanoke River watershed of the Piedmont Province, Virginia. In the watershed, Mn concentrations in groundwater are often elevated above secondary drinking water standards. Evaluation of chemical characteristics of groundwater and geologic materials within the region suggests that carbonate-bearing lithologies are likely sources of Mn to groundwater. The inverse correlation of Mn with dissolved oxygen concentrations in groundwater suggests that once released from chemical weathering, Mn persists in groundwater under reducing conditions that develop along flowpaths. Analysis of Mn ores of the James River-Roanoke River Manganese District provides support that the ore deposits are supergene in origin, consistent with previous models. However, in contrast to previous models suggesting ore formation from downward flow of groundwater, our analysis of ore formation in the context of groundwater geochemistry supports an upwelling model of ore formation in which Mn-oxides were precipitated near discharge zones. Overall, our results suggest that Mn cycling is the region has been active over geologic time, as Mn-rich groundwater discharges to riverine systems, both past and present. Thus, the processes that formed the Mn ores in the past are still occurring in the modern day.

ACS Style

Zachary Kiracofe; William Henika; Madeline Schreiber. Assessing the Geological Sources of Manganese in the Roanoke River Watershed, Virginia. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 2016, 1078 .

AMA Style

Zachary Kiracofe, William Henika, Madeline Schreiber. Assessing the Geological Sources of Manganese in the Roanoke River Watershed, Virginia. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience. 2016; ():1078.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zachary Kiracofe; William Henika; Madeline Schreiber. 2016. "Assessing the Geological Sources of Manganese in the Roanoke River Watershed, Virginia." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience , no. : 1078.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2016 in Understanding Open-Vent Volcanism and Related Hazards
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The epikarst, which consists of highly weathered rock in the upper vadose zone of exposed karst systems, plays a critical role in determining the hydrologic and geochemical characteristics of recharge to an underlying karst aquifer. This study utilized time series (2007–2014) of hydrologic and geochemical data of drip water collected within James Cave, Virginia, to examine the influence of epikarst on the quantity and quality of recharge in a mature, doline-dominated karst terrain. Results show a strong seasonality of both hydrology and geochemistry of recharge, which has implications for management of karst aquifers in temperate climatic zones. First, recharge (discharge from the epikarst to the underlying aquifer) reaches a maximum between late winter and early spring, with the onset of the recharge season ranging from as early as December to as late as March during the study period. The timing and duration of the recharge season were found to be a function of precipitation in excess of evapotranspiration on a seasonal time scale. Secondly, seasonally variable residence times for water in the epikarst influence rock-water interaction and, hence, the geochemical characteristics of recharge. Overall, results highlight the strong and complex influence that the epikarst has on karst recharge, which requires long-term and high-resolution data sets to accurately understand and quantify.

ACS Style

Sarah Eagle; William Orndorff; Benjamin Schwartz; Daniel H. Doctor; Jonathan Gerst; Madeline Schreiber. 13. Analysis of hydrologic and geochemical time-series data at James Cave, Virginia: Implications for epikarst influence on recharge in Appalachian karst aquifers. Understanding Open-Vent Volcanism and Related Hazards 2016, 516, 181 -196.

AMA Style

Sarah Eagle, William Orndorff, Benjamin Schwartz, Daniel H. Doctor, Jonathan Gerst, Madeline Schreiber. 13. Analysis of hydrologic and geochemical time-series data at James Cave, Virginia: Implications for epikarst influence on recharge in Appalachian karst aquifers. Understanding Open-Vent Volcanism and Related Hazards. 2016; 516 ():181-196.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sarah Eagle; William Orndorff; Benjamin Schwartz; Daniel H. Doctor; Jonathan Gerst; Madeline Schreiber. 2016. "13. Analysis of hydrologic and geochemical time-series data at James Cave, Virginia: Implications for epikarst influence on recharge in Appalachian karst aquifers." Understanding Open-Vent Volcanism and Related Hazards 516, no. : 181-196.