The rapid urbanization occurring globally has significantly intensified the challenges of waste management in densely populated metropolitan areas. A growing amount of waste has become a major concern for municipal authorities and local governments due to the limited availability of suitable land. Geospatial techniques, such as Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and remote sensing, combined with machine learning, play a crucial role in identifying suitable sites for urban waste management. These techniques assist planners in making well-informed decisions that strike a balance between environmental preservation and urban expansion by examining spatial data on land use, population density, and environmental concerns. Geospatial tools provide a data-driven basis for policy and urban planning, ensuring effective land use, reducing ecological hazards, and promoting sustainable urban growth for municipalities such as English Bazar and Old Malda. It can also pose serious threats to the environment, public health, and communities. Focusing on the English Bazar and Old Malda Municipalities in India, this paper examines the use of geospatial technologies to identify suitable sites for waste disposal. The research aims to address the complex processes of waste generation, collection, and disposal in urban environments. Using GIS and a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach, the study employs the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) alongside the Random Forest (RF) model and a machine learning (ML) technique to identify potential waste disposal sites within the English Bazar and Old Malda Municipalities in the Malda district. Eight key criteria were considered in the site selection process: land elevation; distances from surface water, roads, railways, and urban areas; groundwater depth; land use and land cover; and distance from sensitive and restricted areas. AHP analysis showed that 8%, 26%, and 27% of the sites were categorized as very highly suitable, moderately suitable, and unsuitable, respectively. Meanwhile, 38%, 17%, and 13% of the areas were classified as unsuitable, moderately suitable, and very highly suitable according to the RF model. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient indicated that the AHP method (overall capacity of 83.83% and Kappa coefficient of 0.7894) was slightly better than the RF model (overall capacity of 80.61% and Kappa coefficient of 0.7474) for site suitability analysis. This research underscores the broad relevance of geospatial technology in creating resilient and environmentally sustainable cities while offering valuable guidance on effectively allocating waste disposal sites. The findings provide crucial insights for urban planners and decision-makers, facilitating the identification of optimal locations for sustainable waste management in urban settings.

The power of the river does not always work to the benefit of living things; rather, it has the ability to destroy human society and has negative effects on the environment. River Teesta has a prodigious significance on the riverine dweller and its changing precarious behaviour has repercussions on the lives of millions. Utilizing satellite images and 41 years of temporal analysis, the mapping of channel extraction and channel shifting has been demonstrated. Delineating the exact channel boundary is a laborious operation, but MNDWI technique is really valuable in this situation to produce valuable results. Descriptive statistics are used to analyze the Teesta River's active flow line migration trend and channel migration behaviour. A particular river's oscillating character over time has both beneficial and detrimental power, destroying important resources for environmental sustainability and human society while also providing fertile mother earth as a source of wealth. As a result, another goal of the current study was to determine how vulnerable riverine residents were. A livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) based on the riverine inhabitants' exposure, sensitivity, and capacity for adaptation was created. According to the findings, the river's erratic behaviour is putting the people who live beside it in danger. Therefore, it is vitally necessary to implement a capable management strategy to stop bank failure at the Teesta-Dharala confluence in order to save the riverine residents.

Menstrual health and hygiene (MHH) is not just a medical problem but also a deeply embedded societal phenomena, especially for Scheduled Tribe (ST) inhabitants living in impoverished locations. The cultural taboos, constraints, and beliefs around menstruation are examined in this study, along with how they affect the menstrual health practices of ST women in West Bengal's South 24 Parganas district. Data were gathered using a mixed-method approach that included focus groups, household surveys, and in-depth interviews with older members, married women, and teenage girls in a few chosen tribal communities. The results show that eating, moving around, practicing religion, and interacting with others in the home are all restricted since menstruation is frequently seen as immoral. These ideas have a big impact on people's adoption of sanitary menstruation behaviours, which keeps them using risky disposal techniques and conventional absorbents. Intergenerational narratives, inadequate water and sanitation infrastructure, limited understanding, and low access to hygienic products all contribute to the perpetuation of these behaviours. The study emphasizes how cultural beliefs influence menstrual health outcomes by interacting with poverty, education, and health infrastructure. From the study ,91% of respondents were accustomed to wearing unclean reusable clothing, and 68% believed that reusable clothing could not pose any health risks. Nearly 52% of women did not obtain any medical assistance for managing problems related to their periods. It ends with suggestions for integrating policies, raising community knowledge, and implementing culturally responsive interventions to help tribal women in the area manage their menstrual health.

This study emphasizes the factors which influence the uses of contraception and acceptance of the family planning among the muslim women in Rajharhatblock, Northtwenty-four pargana district West Bengal, India. The whole data have been collected through the primary and secondary sources. The Primary data obtained from the 407 muslim ever married women, married women ever child and window women ever child. Chi-square test and Bi-varriate analysis show that the most influence factors are influence of son which restricted the uses of contraception as well as level of education of women has a positive relation with the uses of contraception.