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Ick Tae Yeom
Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) 2066, Suwon 16419, Korea

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Journal article
Published: 07 January 2021 in Processes
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Coprecipitation-adsorption plays a significant role during coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation (C/F/S) of antimony (Sb) in water. This work uses a Box–Behnken statistical experiment design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) to investigate the effects of major operating variables such as initial Sb(III, V) concentration (100–1000 µg/L), ferric chloride (FC) dose (5–50 mg/L), and pH (4–10) on redox Sb species. Experimental data of Sb(III, V) removal were used to determine response function coefficients. The model response value (Sb removal) showed good agreement with the experimental results. FC showed promising coagulation behavior of both Sb species under optimum pH (6.5–7.5) due to its high affinity towards Sb species and low residual Fe concentration. However, a high dose of 50 mg/L of FC is required for the maximum (88–93%) removal of Sb(V), but also for the highest (92–98%) removal of low initial concentrations of Sb(III). Furthermore, BBD and RSM were found to be reliable and feasible for determining the optimum conditions for Sb removal from environmental water samples by a C/F/S process. This work may contribute to a better understanding and prediction of the C/F/S behavior of Sb(III, V) species in aqueous environments, to reduce potential risks to humans.

ACS Style

Muhammad Ali Inam; Rizwan Khan; Ick Tae Yeom; Abdul Salam Buller; Muhammad Akram; Muhammad Waleed Inam. Optimization of Antimony Removal by Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation Process Using Response Surface Methodology. Processes 2021, 9, 117 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Ali Inam, Rizwan Khan, Ick Tae Yeom, Abdul Salam Buller, Muhammad Akram, Muhammad Waleed Inam. Optimization of Antimony Removal by Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation Process Using Response Surface Methodology. Processes. 2021; 9 (1):117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Ali Inam; Rizwan Khan; Ick Tae Yeom; Abdul Salam Buller; Muhammad Akram; Muhammad Waleed Inam. 2021. "Optimization of Antimony Removal by Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation Process Using Response Surface Methodology." Processes 9, no. 1: 117.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2020 in Water
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A mixed culture utilizing 1,4-dioxane as a sole carbon and energy source was obtained from the activated sludge at a textile wastewater treatment plant. The biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane was characterized by a model based on the Monod equation. The effects of the presence of easily degradable carbon sources other than 1,4-dioxane were investigated using dextrose. Structural analogs commonly found in 1,4-dioxane-containing wastewater such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, and 1,4-dioxene were also evaluated for their potential effects on 1,4-dioxane biodegradation. The presence of dextrose did not show any synergetic or antagonistic effects on 1,4-dioxane biodegradation, while the structural analogs showed significant competitive inhibition effects. The inhibitory effects were relatively strong with heptagonal cyclic ethers such as THF and 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, and mild with hexagonal cyclic ethers such as 1,4-dioxene. It was also shown that the treatment of 1,4-dioxane in the raw textile wastewater required 170% more time to remove 1,4-dioxane due to the co-presence of 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, and the extent of delay depended on the initial concentration of 1,3-doxolane.

ACS Style

Kang Hoon Lee; Young Min Wie; Deokjin Jahng; Ick Tae Yeom. Effects of Additional Carbon Sources in the Biodegradation of 1,4-Dioxane by a Mixed Culture. Water 2020, 12, 1718 .

AMA Style

Kang Hoon Lee, Young Min Wie, Deokjin Jahng, Ick Tae Yeom. Effects of Additional Carbon Sources in the Biodegradation of 1,4-Dioxane by a Mixed Culture. Water. 2020; 12 (6):1718.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kang Hoon Lee; Young Min Wie; Deokjin Jahng; Ick Tae Yeom. 2020. "Effects of Additional Carbon Sources in the Biodegradation of 1,4-Dioxane by a Mixed Culture." Water 12, no. 6: 1718.

Journal article
Published: 16 July 2019 in Processes
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Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), such as copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), are emerging as pollutants extensively used in many commercial and industrial applications, thus raising environmental concerns due to their release into water bodies. It is, therefore, essential to remove these pollutants from water bodies in order to minimize the potential threat to the aquatic environment and human health. The objective of this study was to investigate the removal of CuO NPs from waters by the coagulation process. This study also explored the efficiency of coagulation to remove hydrophobic/hydrophilic dissolved organic matter (DOM) and turbidity with varying polyaluminum chloride (PACl) doses. According to the results, a high concentration of DOM affects both the CuO NPs zeta potential and hydrodynamic diameter, thereby decreasing the agglomeration behavior. At effective coagulation zone (ECR), high removal of CuO NPs (>95%) was observed for all studied waters (hydrophobic and hydrophilic waters), above ECR excess charge induced by coagulant restabilized particles in solution. Furthermore, waters containing hydrophobic DOM and those with high UV254nm values needed more coagulant dose than hydrophilic waters to obtain similar CuO NP removals. The primary mechanism involved in CuO NPs removal might be charge neutralization. These findings suggest that PACl is an effective coagulant in the removal of CuO NPs; however, water characteristics are an influencing factor on the removal performance of ENMs during the coagulation process.

ACS Style

Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Ali Inam; Muhammad Akram; Ahmed Uddin; Sarfaraz Khan; Ick Tae Yeom. Effect of Dissolved Organic Matter on Agglomeration and Removal of CuO Nanoparticles by Coagulation. Processes 2019, 7, 455 .

AMA Style

Rizwan Khan, Muhammad Ali Inam, Muhammad Akram, Ahmed Uddin, Sarfaraz Khan, Ick Tae Yeom. Effect of Dissolved Organic Matter on Agglomeration and Removal of CuO Nanoparticles by Coagulation. Processes. 2019; 7 (7):455.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Ali Inam; Muhammad Akram; Ahmed Uddin; Sarfaraz Khan; Ick Tae Yeom. 2019. "Effect of Dissolved Organic Matter on Agglomeration and Removal of CuO Nanoparticles by Coagulation." Processes 7, no. 7: 455.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2019 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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The process of coagulation and precipitation affect the fate and mobility of antimony (Sb) species in drinking water. Moreover, the solubility and physico-chemical properties of the precipitates may be affected by the media chemistry. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the removal of Sb(III, V) species by ferric chloride coagulation under various water chemistry influences with a particular focus on the role of the properties of the precipitates. The results indicated that the amount of Sb(III) removed increased with increasing solution pH, showing the insignificant effects of the hydrodynamic diameter (HDD) and ζ-potential of the precipitates. However, no Sb(V) removal occurred at alkaline pH values, while a highly negative ζ-potential and the complete dissolution of precipitates were observed in the aqueous solution. The solution pH was also useful in determining the dominant coagulation mechanisms, such as co-precipitation and adsorption. The Fe solubility substantially affects the Sb removal at a certain pH range, while the HDD of the precipitates plays an insignificant role in Sb removal. The presence of divalent cations brings the ζ-potential of the precipitates close to point of zero charge (pzc), thus enhancing the Sb(V) removal at alkaline pH conditions. Pronounced adverse effects of humic acid were observed on Sb removal, ζ-potential and HDD of the precipitates. In general, this study may provide critical information to a wide group of researchers dealing with environmental protection from heavy metal pollution.

ACS Style

Muhammad Ali Inam; Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Akram; Sarfaraz Khan; Ick Tae Yeom. Effect of Water Chemistry on Antimony Removal by Chemical Coagulation: Implications of ζ-Potential and Size of Precipitates. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2019, 20, 2945 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Ali Inam, Rizwan Khan, Muhammad Akram, Sarfaraz Khan, Ick Tae Yeom. Effect of Water Chemistry on Antimony Removal by Chemical Coagulation: Implications of ζ-Potential and Size of Precipitates. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20 (12):2945.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Ali Inam; Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Akram; Sarfaraz Khan; Ick Tae Yeom. 2019. "Effect of Water Chemistry on Antimony Removal by Chemical Coagulation: Implications of ζ-Potential and Size of Precipitates." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 12: 2945.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2019 in Sustainability
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The increased use of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in commercial products and industrial applications raises concerns about their adverse effects on aquatic life and human health. Therefore, the current study explored the removal of CuO NPs from water via coagulation by measuring solubility under various pH values and humic acid (HA) concentrations. The results showed that the media pH significantly affected the coagulation efficiency of CuO NPs (30 mg/L) under various (0–0.30 mM) ferric chloride (FC) dosages. The concentration of dissolved Cu2+ ions at pH 3–6 was (16.5–4.8 mg/L), which was higher than at other studied pH (7–11). Moreover, the simultaneous effect of coagulants and charge neutralization at pH 6–8 enhanced the removal of CuO NPs. At a lower FC (0–0.05 mM) dosage, the higher HA concentration inhibited the aggregation of CuO NPs. However, at the optimum dose of (0.2 mM) FC, the efficiency of turbidity removal and solubility of CuO NPs between pH 8 and 11 was above 98% and 5%, respectively, probably due to coagulant enmeshment. Our study suggested that coagulation was effective in removing the CuO NPs from the complex matrices with pH values ranging from 8–11. The findings of the present study provide insight into the coagulation and dissolution behavior of CuO NPs during the water treatment process.

ACS Style

Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Ali Inam; Saba Zam Zam; Muhammad Akram; SooKyo Shin; Ick Tae Yeom. Coagulation and Dissolution of CuO Nanoparticles in the Presence of Dissolved Organic Matter Under Different pH Values. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2825 .

AMA Style

Rizwan Khan, Muhammad Ali Inam, Saba Zam Zam, Muhammad Akram, SooKyo Shin, Ick Tae Yeom. Coagulation and Dissolution of CuO Nanoparticles in the Presence of Dissolved Organic Matter Under Different pH Values. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (10):2825.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Ali Inam; Saba Zam Zam; Muhammad Akram; SooKyo Shin; Ick Tae Yeom. 2019. "Coagulation and Dissolution of CuO Nanoparticles in the Presence of Dissolved Organic Matter Under Different pH Values." Sustainability 11, no. 10: 2825.

Journal article
Published: 24 April 2019 in Molecules
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The co-occurrence of arsenic (As) and organic ligands in water bodies has raised environmental concerns due to their toxicity and adverse effects on human health. The present study aims to elucidate the influences of hydrophobic/hydrophilic organic ligands, such as humic acid (HA) and salicylic acid (SA), on the interactive behavior of As species in water. Moreover, the competitive removal behaviors of As(III, V) species and total organic carbon (TOC) were systematically investigated by coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation (C/F/S) under various aqueous matrices. The results showed the stronger binding affinity of As(V) than As(III) species, with a higher complexation ability of hydrophobic ligands than hydrophilic. The media containing hydrophilic ligands require smaller ferric chloride (FC) doses to achieve the higher As(III, V) removal, while the optimum FC dose required for As(III) removal was found to be higher than that for As(V). Moreover, hydrophobic ligands showed higher TOC removal than hydrophilic ligands. The pronounced adverse effect of a higher concentration of hydrophobic ligands on the removal efficiencies of As(V) and TOC was observed. The adsorption of As(V) on Fe precipitates was better fitted with the Langmuir model but the Freundlich isotherm was more suitable for As(III) in the presence of hydrophilic SA. Moreover, TOC removal was substantially decreased in the As(V) system as compared to the As(III) system due to the dissolution of Fe precipitates at higher As(V) concentrations. The results of FC composite flocs demonstrated that the combined effect of oxidation, charge neutralization and adsorption played an important role in the removal of both toxicants during the C/F/S process. In summary, the findings of the present study provide insights into the fate, mobility and competitive removal behavior of As(III, V) species and organic ligands in the water treatment process.

ACS Style

Muhammad Ali Inam; Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Akram; Sarfaraz Khan; Du Ri Park; Ick Tae Yeom. Interaction of Arsenic Species with Organic Ligands: Competitive Removal from Water by Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation (C/F/S). Molecules 2019, 24, 1619 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Ali Inam, Rizwan Khan, Muhammad Akram, Sarfaraz Khan, Du Ri Park, Ick Tae Yeom. Interaction of Arsenic Species with Organic Ligands: Competitive Removal from Water by Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation (C/F/S). Molecules. 2019; 24 (8):1619.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Ali Inam; Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Akram; Sarfaraz Khan; Du Ri Park; Ick Tae Yeom. 2019. "Interaction of Arsenic Species with Organic Ligands: Competitive Removal from Water by Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation (C/F/S)." Molecules 24, no. 8: 1619.

Journal article
Published: 09 April 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The widespread use of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and surfactants in various consumer products makes it likely that they coexist in aqueous environments, making it important to study the effects of surfactants on the fate and transport behavior of CuO NPs. The present study aims to investigate the influence of anionic sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and nonionic nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO, Tergitol NP-9), on CuO NPs adsorption, aggregation, and removal from water by the coagulation process. The result of the sorption study indicates that both surfactants could be adsorbed on the surface of CuO NPs, and that SLS remarkably decreases the ζ potential as well as the hydrodynamic diameter (HDD) of CuO as compared to NP-9. The kinetic aggregation study showed that both SLS and NP-9 reduced the HDD of CuO NPs and retarded the settling rates at surfactant concentrations above 0.015% (w:v) over a 24 h-period. Moreover, enhanced aggregation of CuO NPs was observed in two environmental waters as compared to pure water, which could be related to their high ionic strength. The addition of surfactants in natural waters has been shown to reduce the aggregation and sedimentation of CuO; however, the reductive effect of SLS was more pronounced than that of NP-9. Finally, the coagulation results showed that the removal efficiencies of CuO, Cu2+, and the surfactant in all tested waters at optimum ferric chloride dosage reached around 98, 95, and 85%, respectively. Furthermore, the coagulation mechanism revealed that the combination of charge neutralization and adsorptive micellar flocculation (AMF) might be involved in the removal of both pollutants. The results of the present study provide new insight into the environmental behavior of coexisting NPs and surfactants in wastewater treatment processes.

ACS Style

Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Ali Inam; Sarfaraz Khan; Andrea Navarro Jiménez; Du Ri Park; Ick Tae Yeom. The Influence of Ionic and Nonionic Surfactants on the Colloidal Stability and Removal of CuO Nanoparticles from Water by Chemical Coagulation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 1260 .

AMA Style

Rizwan Khan, Muhammad Ali Inam, Sarfaraz Khan, Andrea Navarro Jiménez, Du Ri Park, Ick Tae Yeom. The Influence of Ionic and Nonionic Surfactants on the Colloidal Stability and Removal of CuO Nanoparticles from Water by Chemical Coagulation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (7):1260.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Ali Inam; Sarfaraz Khan; Andrea Navarro Jiménez; Du Ri Park; Ick Tae Yeom. 2019. "The Influence of Ionic and Nonionic Surfactants on the Colloidal Stability and Removal of CuO Nanoparticles from Water by Chemical Coagulation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7: 1260.

Journal article
Published: 27 March 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The presence of natural organic matter (NOM) in drinking water sources can stabilize toxic antimony (Sb) species, thus enhancing their mobility and causing adverse effects on human health. Therefore, the present study aims to quantitatively explore the complexation of hydrophobic/hydrophilic NOM, i.e., humic acid (HA), salicylic acid (SA), and L-cysteine (L-cys), with Sb in water. In addition, the removal of Sb(III, V) species and total organic carbon (TOC) was evaluated with ferric chloride (FC) as a coagulant. The results showed a stronger binding affinity of hydrophobic HA as compared to hydrophilic NOM. The optimum FC dose required for Sb(V) removal was found to be higher than that for Sb(III), due to the higher complexation ability of hydrophobic NOM with antimonate than antimonite. TOC removal was found to be higher in hydrophobic ligands than hydrophilic ligands. The high concentration of hydrophobic molecules significantly suppresses the Sb adsorption onto Fe precipitates. An isotherm study suggested a stronger adsorption capacity for the hydrophobic ligand than the hydrophilic ligand. The binding of Sb to NOM in the presence of active Fe sites was significantly reduced, likely due to the adsorption of contaminants onto precipitated Fe. The results of flocs characteristics revealed that mechanisms such as oxidation, complexation, charge neutralization, and adsorption may be involved in the removal of Sb species from water. This study may provide new insights into the complexation behavior of Sb in NOM-laden water as well as the optimization of the coagulant dose during the water treatment process.

ACS Style

Muhammad Ali Inam; Rizwan Khan; Du Ri Park; Sarfaraz Khan; Ahmed Uddin; Ick Tae Yeom. Complexation of Antimony with Natural Organic Matter: Performance Evaluation during Coagulation-Flocculation Process. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 1092 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Ali Inam, Rizwan Khan, Du Ri Park, Sarfaraz Khan, Ahmed Uddin, Ick Tae Yeom. Complexation of Antimony with Natural Organic Matter: Performance Evaluation during Coagulation-Flocculation Process. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (7):1092.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Ali Inam; Rizwan Khan; Du Ri Park; Sarfaraz Khan; Ahmed Uddin; Ick Tae Yeom. 2019. "Complexation of Antimony with Natural Organic Matter: Performance Evaluation during Coagulation-Flocculation Process." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7: 1092.

Journal article
Published: 21 March 2019 in Nanomaterials
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The use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDPEs) in different products and applications leads to the likelihood of their co-occurrence in the aquatic system, making it important to study the effect of PBDPEs on the fate and transport of ZnO NPs. In this study, we determine the influence of PBDPEs (BDPE-47 and BDPE-209) on the colloidal stability and physicochemical properties of ZnO NPs in different aqueous matrices. The results indicated the shift in ζ potential of ZnO NP from positive to negative in the presence of both PBDPEs in all tested waters; however, the effect on the NPs surface potential was specific to each water considered. The lower concentration of the PBDPEs (e.g., 0.5 mg/L) significantly reduced the ζ potential and hydrodynamic diameter (HDD) of ZnO NP, even in the presence of high content of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in both freshwater and industrial wastewater. Moreover, both BDPE-47 and BDPE-209 impede the agglomeration of ZnO NP in simple and natural media, even in the presence of monovalent and polyvalent cations. However, the effect of BDPE-47 on the ζ potential, HDD, and agglomeration of ZnO NP was more pronounced than that of BDPE-209 in all tested waters. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray Photon Spectroscopy (XPS) further confirm the adsorption of PBDPEs onto ZnO NP surface via aromatic ether groups and Br elements. The findings of this study will facilitate a better understanding of the interaction behavior between the ZnO NPs and PBDPEs, which can reduce the exposure risk of aquatic organisms to both pollutants.

ACS Style

Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Ali Inam; Sarfaraz Khan; Du Ri Park; Ick Tae Yeom. Interaction between Persistent Organic Pollutants and ZnO NPs in Synthetic and Natural Waters. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 472 .

AMA Style

Rizwan Khan, Muhammad Ali Inam, Sarfaraz Khan, Du Ri Park, Ick Tae Yeom. Interaction between Persistent Organic Pollutants and ZnO NPs in Synthetic and Natural Waters. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9 (3):472.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Ali Inam; Sarfaraz Khan; Du Ri Park; Ick Tae Yeom. 2019. "Interaction between Persistent Organic Pollutants and ZnO NPs in Synthetic and Natural Waters." Nanomaterials 9, no. 3: 472.

Journal article
Published: 05 March 2019 in Molecules
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The increased use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), such as copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), in commercial products and applications raises concern regarding their possible release into freshwater sources. Therefore, their removal from water is important to eliminate adverse environmental and human health effects. In this study, the effects of pH and natural organic matter (NOM), i.e., humic acid (HA) and salicylic acid (SA) on the removal of CuO NPs by coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation (C/F/S) were evaluated. The results indicated that pH significantly affects the coagulation efficiency, where 10–60% CuO NPs removal was achieved under extreme acidic/alkaline conditions. However, at neutral pH, removal of up to 90% was observed with a lower ferric chloride (FC) dosage (0.2 mM). The coagulation efficiency and mechanism were strongly affected by the type of Fe species present in the aqueous phase, which is mainly controlled by pH. Higher concentrations of both HA and SA decrease the CuO NPs agglomeration rate, and thereby improve the colloidal stability due to the NOM molecules adsorbed onto the NPs surface. The presence of hydrophobic HA needs a higher FC dosage of 0.5–0.8 mM than a dosage of hydrophilic SA of 0.25–0.35 mM, to obtain a similar CuO coagulation efficiency. Moreover, higher removals of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV254 were observed more in hydrophobic NOM than in hydrophilic. The results of the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis of FC composite flocs confirm that the charge neutralization and enmeshment of coagulant might be a possible removal mechanism. The findings of the current study may provide critical information in the prediction of the fate, mobility, and removal of CuO NPs during C/F/S in water treatment.

ACS Style

Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Ali Inam; Du Ri Park; Sarfaraz Khan; Muhammad Akram; Ick Tae Yeom. The Removal of CuO Nanoparticles from Water by Conventional Treatment C/F/S: The Effect of pH and Natural Organic Matter. Molecules 2019, 24, 914 .

AMA Style

Rizwan Khan, Muhammad Ali Inam, Du Ri Park, Sarfaraz Khan, Muhammad Akram, Ick Tae Yeom. The Removal of CuO Nanoparticles from Water by Conventional Treatment C/F/S: The Effect of pH and Natural Organic Matter. Molecules. 2019; 24 (5):914.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Ali Inam; Du Ri Park; Sarfaraz Khan; Muhammad Akram; Ick Tae Yeom. 2019. "The Removal of CuO Nanoparticles from Water by Conventional Treatment C/F/S: The Effect of pH and Natural Organic Matter." Molecules 24, no. 5: 914.

Journal article
Published: 20 December 2018 in Sustainability
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The zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and surfactants that are widely used in commercial and industrial products lead to the likelihood of their co-occurrence in natural water, making it essential to investigate the effect of surfactants on the fate and mobility of ZnO NPs. The present study seeks to elucidate the effect of an anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a nonionic nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO), on ZnO NPs adsorption, aggregation, dissolution, and removal by the coagulation process. The results indicate that the presence of SDS in ZnO NPs suspension significantly reduced the ζ-potential and hydrodynamic diameter (HDD), while the effect of NPEO was found not to be significant. The sorption of SDS and NPEO by ZnO NPs were fitted with Langmuir model, but the Freundlich isotherm was more suitable for SDS at pH 9.0. Moreover, the adsorption was strongly pH-dependent due to the formation of mono-bilayer patches onto the NPs. The SDS remarkably affect the dissolution and aggregation phenomena of ZnO NPs in natural waters as compared to NPEO. Finally, the coagulation results showed that the removal efficiency of ZnO, Zn2+ and the surfactant in synthetic and wastewaters at optimum ferric chloride (FC) dosage reached around 85–98% and 20–50%, respectively. Coagulation mechanism investigation demonstrated that the cooperation of charge neutralization and adsorptive micellar flocculation (AMF) might play an important role. In summary, this study may provide new insight into the environmental behavior of coexisting ZnO NPs and surfactants in water treatment processes, and it may facilitate their sustainable use in commercial products and processes.

ACS Style

Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Inam; Muhammad Iqbal; Muhammad Shoaib; Du Park; Kang Lee; SooKyo Shin; Sarfaraz Khan; Ick Yeom. Removal of ZnO Nanoparticles from Natural Waters by Coagulation-Flocculation Process: Influence of Surfactant Type on Aggregation, Dissolution and Colloidal Stability. Sustainability 2018, 11, 17 .

AMA Style

Rizwan Khan, Muhammad Inam, Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Shoaib, Du Park, Kang Lee, SooKyo Shin, Sarfaraz Khan, Ick Yeom. Removal of ZnO Nanoparticles from Natural Waters by Coagulation-Flocculation Process: Influence of Surfactant Type on Aggregation, Dissolution and Colloidal Stability. Sustainability. 2018; 11 (1):17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Inam; Muhammad Iqbal; Muhammad Shoaib; Du Park; Kang Lee; SooKyo Shin; Sarfaraz Khan; Ick Yeom. 2018. "Removal of ZnO Nanoparticles from Natural Waters by Coagulation-Flocculation Process: Influence of Surfactant Type on Aggregation, Dissolution and Colloidal Stability." Sustainability 11, no. 1: 17.

Journal article
Published: 06 December 2018 in Minerals
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In most countries, arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) are regulated pollutants, due to their significant impacts on the environment and human health. Iron-based (Fe) coagulants play a fundamental role in the removal of both elements from aqueous media. This study aims to investigate the competitive removal of As and Sb in relation to Fe solubility. Coagulation experiments were conducted in synthetic water under various pH and contaminant loading, using ferric chloride (FC) as a coagulant. In the single system, the pentavalent species significantly reduced the Fe solubility and thereby enhanced the mobility of As and Sb under these environmental conditions. The coexistence of pentavalent and trivalent species in the binary system considerably decreases the Fe solubility at acidic conditions while enhancing the dissolution under alkaline conditions, thus affecting the overall removal of both species. The presence of four redox species in the quaternary system decreases the Fe solubility remarkably over a wide pH range, with better Sb removal, as compared to As under similar conditions. The adsorption study of the single system showed a decrease in As(V) adsorption capacity at higher concentration, while in the binary system, the Sb(III) showed strong adsorption potential, compared to other species. In the quaternary system, the presence of all four redox species has a synergistic effect on total Sb adsorption, in comparison to the total As. Furthermore, the results of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis of FC composite contaminant flocs confirm that the combined effect of charge neutralization and inner sphere complexation might be a possible removal mechanism. These findings may facilitate the fate, transport and comparative removal of redox species in the heterogeneous aquatic environment.

ACS Style

Muhammad Ali Inam; Rizwan Khan; Du Ri Park; Babar Aijaz Ali; Ahmed Uddin; Ick Tae Yeom. Influence of pH and Contaminant Redox Form on the Competitive Removal of Arsenic and Antimony from Aqueous Media by Coagulation. Minerals 2018, 8, 574 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Ali Inam, Rizwan Khan, Du Ri Park, Babar Aijaz Ali, Ahmed Uddin, Ick Tae Yeom. Influence of pH and Contaminant Redox Form on the Competitive Removal of Arsenic and Antimony from Aqueous Media by Coagulation. Minerals. 2018; 8 (12):574.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Ali Inam; Rizwan Khan; Du Ri Park; Babar Aijaz Ali; Ahmed Uddin; Ick Tae Yeom. 2018. "Influence of pH and Contaminant Redox Form on the Competitive Removal of Arsenic and Antimony from Aqueous Media by Coagulation." Minerals 8, no. 12: 574.

Journal article
Published: 17 September 2018 in Processes
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The large-scale production and usage of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) may lead to their post-release into the aquatic environment. In this study, the effect of hydrophobic/hydrophilic organic ligands on sorption and sedimentation of ZnO NPs has been systematically investigated. In addition, the coagulation efficiency of ZnO NPs, Zn2+, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and UV254 with varying ferric chloride (FC) dosages in synthetic waters were also evaluated. The results showed that the higher concentration of organic ligands, i.e., humic acid (HA), salicylic acid (SA), and L-cysteine (L-cys) reduced the ζ-potential and hydrodynamic diameter (HDD) of particles, which enhanced the NPs stability. The adsorption of organic ligands onto ZnO NPs was fitted with the Langmuir model, with maximum adsorption capacities of 143, 40.47, and 66.05 mg/g for HA, SA and L-cys respectively. Removal of up to 95% of ZnO NPs and Zn2+ was achieved in studied waters at the effective coagulation zone (ECR), above which excess charge induced by coagulant restabilized the NPs in suspension. Moreover, the removal rate of DOC and UV254 were found to be higher in hydrophobic waters than hydrophilic waters. The width of ECR strongly depends on the characteristics of source water. The waters with hydrophobic ligand and higher UV254 values require more coagulant than hydrophilic waters to achieve the similar ZnO NPs and Zn2+ removal. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis of ZnO NPs composite contaminant flocs indicated that the combined effect of enmeshment and charge neutralization might be a possible removal mechanism. These findings may facilitate the prediction of fate, transport, and removal of ZnO NPs in the natural waters, and might contribute to risk assessment, as well as decision making about engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in aquatic systems.

ACS Style

Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Ali Inam; Du Ri Park; Saba Zam Zam; SooKyo Shin; Sarfaraz Khan; Muhammad Akram; Ick Tae Yeom. Influence of Organic Ligands on the Colloidal Stability and Removal of ZnO Nanoparticles from Synthetic Waters by Coagulation. Processes 2018, 6, 170 .

AMA Style

Rizwan Khan, Muhammad Ali Inam, Du Ri Park, Saba Zam Zam, SooKyo Shin, Sarfaraz Khan, Muhammad Akram, Ick Tae Yeom. Influence of Organic Ligands on the Colloidal Stability and Removal of ZnO Nanoparticles from Synthetic Waters by Coagulation. Processes. 2018; 6 (9):170.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Ali Inam; Du Ri Park; Saba Zam Zam; SooKyo Shin; Sarfaraz Khan; Muhammad Akram; Ick Tae Yeom. 2018. "Influence of Organic Ligands on the Colloidal Stability and Removal of ZnO Nanoparticles from Synthetic Waters by Coagulation." Processes 6, no. 9: 170.

Data descriptor
Published: 15 June 2018 in Data
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The dynamic nature of engineered nanoparticle (ENP) aggregation behavior and kinetics are of paramount importance in the field of toxicological and environmental nanotechnology. The Taguchi orthogonal array (OA) L27(313) matrix based on a fractional factorials design was applied to systematically evaluate the contribution and significance of water chemistry parameters (pH, temperature, electrolyte, natural organic matter (NOM), content and type) and their interactions in the aggregation behavior of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The NPs were dispersed into the solution using a probe-sonicator cell crusher (Bio-safer, 1200-90, Nanjing, China). The data were obtained from UV–Vis spectroscopy (Optizen 2120 UV, Mecasys, Daejeon, Korea), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometery (FT-IR 4700, spectroscopy, a JASCO Analytical Instruments, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA) and particle electrophoresis (NanoZS, Zetasizer, Malvern Instruments Ltd., Worcestershire, UK). The dataset revealed that Taguchi OA matrix is an efficient approach to study the main and interactive effects of environmental parameters on the aggregation of ZnO NPs. In addition, the aggregation profile of ZnO NPs was significantly influenced by divalent cations and NOM. The result of the FT–IR data presents a possible mechanism of ZnO NP stabilization in the presence of different NOM. This data may be helpful to predict the aggregation behavior of ZnO NPs in environmental and ecotoxicological contexts.

ACS Style

Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Ali Inam; Du Ri Park; Saba Zam Zam; Ick Tae Yeom. Taguchi Orthogonal Array Dataset for the Effect of Water Chemistry on Aggregation of ZnO Nanoparticles. Data 2018, 3, 21 .

AMA Style

Rizwan Khan, Muhammad Ali Inam, Du Ri Park, Saba Zam Zam, Ick Tae Yeom. Taguchi Orthogonal Array Dataset for the Effect of Water Chemistry on Aggregation of ZnO Nanoparticles. Data. 2018; 3 (2):21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Ali Inam; Du Ri Park; Saba Zam Zam; Ick Tae Yeom. 2018. "Taguchi Orthogonal Array Dataset for the Effect of Water Chemistry on Aggregation of ZnO Nanoparticles." Data 3, no. 2: 21.

Journal article
Published: 18 May 2018 in Water
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Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are among the most widely used engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in various commercial sectors to achieve both social and economic benefits. The post-use release of these NPs to the environment is inevitable, and may pose threat to the human and eco-system. In the present study, we investigated the influence of single and multiple environmental factors on sedimentation behavior of ZnO NPs. The fractional-factorial method based on Taguchi orthogonal array (OA) L27(313) design matrix was used for systematic investigation on the contribution and significance of multiple factors and their interactions. The result of single-factor showed that the ZnO NPs were unstable at or near pHzpc, with high electrolyte concentration; however, the adsorption of natural organic matter (NOM) i.e., humic acid, salicylic acid, and citric acid reverses the surface charge and enhanced NP stability. The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis confirms the organic capping ligands on the NP surface. Moreover, the matrix result of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that electrolyte concentration and type, and NOM concentration were the most significant factors (p < 0.001) in promoting and influencing aggregation, while the interaction between the factors was also found insignificant. In addition, the result of aggregation kinetics and environmental water samples indicated that the mobility of ENPs may vary substantially in an environment with complex and heterogeneous matrices. This study may contribute to better understanding and prediction of the sedimentation behavior and fate of ZnO NPs in aqueous environments, to facilitate their sustainable use in products and process.

ACS Style

Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Ali Inam; Saba Zam Zam; Du Ri Park; Ick Tae Yeom. Assessment of Key Environmental Factors Influencing the Sedimentation and Aggregation Behavior of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Aquatic Environment. Water 2018, 10, 660 .

AMA Style

Rizwan Khan, Muhammad Ali Inam, Saba Zam Zam, Du Ri Park, Ick Tae Yeom. Assessment of Key Environmental Factors Influencing the Sedimentation and Aggregation Behavior of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Aquatic Environment. Water. 2018; 10 (5):660.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rizwan Khan; Muhammad Ali Inam; Saba Zam Zam; Du Ri Park; Ick Tae Yeom. 2018. "Assessment of Key Environmental Factors Influencing the Sedimentation and Aggregation Behavior of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Aquatic Environment." Water 10, no. 5: 660.

Journal article
Published: 03 April 2018 in Water
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Coagulation and precipitation appear to be the most efficient and economical methods for the removal of antimony from aqueous solution. In this study, antimony removal from synthetic water and Fe solubility with ferric chloride (FC) coagulation has been investigated. The effects of pH, FC dosage, initial antimony loading and mixed Sb(III), Sb(V) proportions on Fe solubility and antimony removal were studied. The results showed that the Sb(III) removal efficiency increased with the increase of solution pH particularly due to an increase in Fe precipitation. The Sb(V) removal was influenced by the solution pH due to a change in Fe solubility. However, the Fe solubility was only impaired by the Sb(III) species at optimum pH 7. The removal efficiencies of both Sb species were enhanced with an increase in FC dose. The quantitative analysis of the isotherm study revealed the strong adsorption potential of Sb(III) on Fe precipitates as compared to Sb(V). Furthermore, the removal behavior of antimony was inhibited in mixed proportion with high Sb(V) fraction. In conclusion, this study contributes to better understanding the fate of Sb species, their mobilities, and comparative removal behavior, with implications for Fe solubility using ferric chloride in different aqueous environments.

ACS Style

Muhammad Ali Inam; Rizwan Khan; Du Ri Park; Yong-Woo Lee; Ick Tae Yeom. Removal of Sb(III) and Sb(V) by Ferric Chloride Coagulation: Implications of Fe Solubility. Water 2018, 10, 418 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Ali Inam, Rizwan Khan, Du Ri Park, Yong-Woo Lee, Ick Tae Yeom. Removal of Sb(III) and Sb(V) by Ferric Chloride Coagulation: Implications of Fe Solubility. Water. 2018; 10 (4):418.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Ali Inam; Rizwan Khan; Du Ri Park; Yong-Woo Lee; Ick Tae Yeom. 2018. "Removal of Sb(III) and Sb(V) by Ferric Chloride Coagulation: Implications of Fe Solubility." Water 10, no. 4: 418.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Journal of Environmental Management
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In this study, recalcitrant rich retting-pond wastewater was treated primarily by anaerobic treatment and subsequently treated with a solar photofenton process to remove phenol and organics. The anaerobic treatment was carried out in a granulated laboratory scale hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (HUASBR) with a working volume of 5.9 L. It was operated at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) from 40 to 20 h over a period of 140 days. The optimum HRT of the anaerobic reactor was found to be 30 h, with corresponding chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phenol removal of 60% and 47%, respectively. Primary anaerobically treated wastewater was subjected to secondary solar photofenton treatment which was carried out at pH 3.5. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design and optimize the performance of the solar photofenton process. Regression quadratic model describing COD removal efficiency of the solar photofenton process was developed and confirmed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Optimum parameters of the solar photofenton process were found to be: 4 g/L of fenton as catalysts, 25 mL of hydrogen peroxide, and 30 min of reaction time. After the primary anaerobic treatment, solar photofenton oxidation process removed 94% and 96.58% of COD and phenol, respectively. Integration of anaerobic and solar photofenton treatment resulted in 97.5% and 98.4% removal of COD and phenol, respectively, from retting-pond wastewater.

ACS Style

G. Sokkanathan; V. Godvin Sharmila; S. Kaliappan; J. Rajesh Banu; Ick Tae Yeom; R. Uma Rani. Combinative treatment of phenol-rich retting-pond wastewater by a hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor and solar photofenton process. Journal of Environmental Management 2018, 206, 999 -1006.

AMA Style

G. Sokkanathan, V. Godvin Sharmila, S. Kaliappan, J. Rajesh Banu, Ick Tae Yeom, R. Uma Rani. Combinative treatment of phenol-rich retting-pond wastewater by a hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor and solar photofenton process. Journal of Environmental Management. 2018; 206 ():999-1006.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G. Sokkanathan; V. Godvin Sharmila; S. Kaliappan; J. Rajesh Banu; Ick Tae Yeom; R. Uma Rani. 2018. "Combinative treatment of phenol-rich retting-pond wastewater by a hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor and solar photofenton process." Journal of Environmental Management 206, no. : 999-1006.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in Bioresource Technology
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate (DOSS, a surfactant) on lysis rate of sludge and specific energy required for sonic pretreatment of waste activated sludge (WAS). Different ultrasonic power levels, WAS concentrations, DOSS dosages, and specific energy levels were used to compare pretreatment efficiencies. At an optimum time of 10min with ultrasonic power level of 160W, DOSS coupled sonic pretreatment resulted in better lysis rate (24.7%) of sludge than sonic pretreatment (17.6%). Biodegradability estimation through non-linear regression modeling revealed that DOSS coupled ultrasound pretreatment of sludge showed better biodegradability with higher hydrolysis constant (about 0.25d(-1)) than sonic pretreatment (0.19d(-1)). Nearly six times less energy was required for DOSS coupled ultrasound pretreatment compared to that required for sonic pretreatment. Therefore, DOSS coupled ultrasound pretreatment makes the pretreatment process energetically positive.

ACS Style

U. Ushani; J. Rajesh Banu; K. Tamilarasan; S. Kavitha; Ick Tae Yeom. Surfactant coupled sonic pretreatment of waste activated sludge for energetically positive biogas generation. Bioresource Technology 2017, 241, 710 -719.

AMA Style

U. Ushani, J. Rajesh Banu, K. Tamilarasan, S. Kavitha, Ick Tae Yeom. Surfactant coupled sonic pretreatment of waste activated sludge for energetically positive biogas generation. Bioresource Technology. 2017; 241 ():710-719.

Chicago/Turabian Style

U. Ushani; J. Rajesh Banu; K. Tamilarasan; S. Kavitha; Ick Tae Yeom. 2017. "Surfactant coupled sonic pretreatment of waste activated sludge for energetically positive biogas generation." Bioresource Technology 241, no. : 710-719.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2017 in Chemical Engineering Journal
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ACS Style

S. Kavitha; J. Preethi; Rajesh Banu; Ick Tae Yeom. Low temperature thermochemical mediated energy and economically efficient biological disintegration of sludge: Simulation and prediction studies for anaerobic biodegradation. Chemical Engineering Journal 2017, 317, 481 -492.

AMA Style

S. Kavitha, J. Preethi, Rajesh Banu, Ick Tae Yeom. Low temperature thermochemical mediated energy and economically efficient biological disintegration of sludge: Simulation and prediction studies for anaerobic biodegradation. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2017; 317 ():481-492.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Kavitha; J. Preethi; Rajesh Banu; Ick Tae Yeom. 2017. "Low temperature thermochemical mediated energy and economically efficient biological disintegration of sludge: Simulation and prediction studies for anaerobic biodegradation." Chemical Engineering Journal 317, no. : 481-492.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2017 in Bioresource Technology
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Generation of bioenergy from microalgal biomass has been a focus of interest in recent years. The recalcitrant nature of microalgal biomass owing to its high cellulose content limits methane generation. Thus, the present study investigates the effect of bacterial-based biological pretreatment on liquefaction of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris prior to anaerobic biodegradation to gain insights into energy efficient biomethanation. Liquefaction of microalgae resulted in a higher biomass stress index of about 18% in the experimental (pretreated with cellulose-secreting bacteria) vs. 11.8% in the control (non-pretreated) group. Mathematical modelling of the biomethanation studies implied that bacterial pretreatment had a greater influence on sustainable methane recovery, with a methane yield of about 0.08 (g Chemical Oxygen Demand/g Chemical Oxygen Demand), than did control pretreatment, with a yield of 0.04 (g Chemical Oxygen Demand/g Chemical Oxygen Demand). Energetic analysis of the proposed method of pretreatment showed a positive energy ratio of 1.04.

ACS Style

S. Kavitha; P. Subbulakshmi; J. Rajesh Banu; Muthukaruppan Gobi; Ick Tae Yeom. Enhancement of biogas production from microalgal biomass through cellulolytic bacterial pretreatment. Bioresource Technology 2017, 233, 34 -43.

AMA Style

S. Kavitha, P. Subbulakshmi, J. Rajesh Banu, Muthukaruppan Gobi, Ick Tae Yeom. Enhancement of biogas production from microalgal biomass through cellulolytic bacterial pretreatment. Bioresource Technology. 2017; 233 ():34-43.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Kavitha; P. Subbulakshmi; J. Rajesh Banu; Muthukaruppan Gobi; Ick Tae Yeom. 2017. "Enhancement of biogas production from microalgal biomass through cellulolytic bacterial pretreatment." Bioresource Technology 233, no. : 34-43.