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C. Echeverría
Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Santiago, Chile

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Journal article
Published: 22 June 2020 in Nature Sustainability
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In response to the important benefits forests provide, there is a growing effort to reforest the world. Past policies and current commitments indicate that many of these forests will be plantations. Since plantations often replace more carbon-rich or biodiverse land covers, this approach to forest expansion may undermine objectives of increased carbon storage and biodiversity. We use an econometric land use change model to simulate the carbon and biodiversity impacts of subsidy driven plantation expansion in Chile between 1986 and 2011. A comparison of simulations with and without subsidies indicates that payments for afforestation increased tree cover through expansion of plantations of exotic species but decreased the area of native forests. Chile’s forest subsidies probably decreased biodiversity without increasing total carbon stored in aboveground biomass. Carefully enforced safeguards on the conversion of natural ecosystems can improve both the carbon and biodiversity outcomes of reforestation policies.

ACS Style

Robert Heilmayr; Cristian Echeverría; Eric F. Lambin. Impacts of Chilean forest subsidies on forest cover, carbon and biodiversity. Nature Sustainability 2020, 3, 701 -709.

AMA Style

Robert Heilmayr, Cristian Echeverría, Eric F. Lambin. Impacts of Chilean forest subsidies on forest cover, carbon and biodiversity. Nature Sustainability. 2020; 3 (9):701-709.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robert Heilmayr; Cristian Echeverría; Eric F. Lambin. 2020. "Impacts of Chilean forest subsidies on forest cover, carbon and biodiversity." Nature Sustainability 3, no. 9: 701-709.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2020 in Ecological Indicators
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Ecosystem services, the direct or indirect contributions of ecosystems to human well-being, are based on interactions that occur within complex systems at different ecological levels. The strong link between biodiversity and ecosystem services is an important argument for ecosystem management and conservation. In this study we quantified the link between the functional diversity (FD)- used as a proxy of biodiversity- of different forest ecosystems and their water flow regulation (WFR) ecosystem service. This link was evaluated over time and space in two contrasting landscapes of south-central Chile, with different legacies of land use/cover change (LUCC), between 1986 and 2011. We calculated a subwatershed-averaged FD, based on the functional divergence of forest ecosystems at each subwatershed in both landscapes. To evaluate WFR we used a spatially explicit hidrological-model-based indicator. The results revealed a positive linkage between forest ecosystems biodiversity and the provision of WFR. Greater FD was spatially associated with higher WFR provision rates with the FD = 0.3 being a critical threshold for high WFR rates. However, some subwatersheds with lower FD values also had high WFR rates. This may be related to the presence of mono-specific forest plantations, which lack diversity, but fulfill important functions in the hydrological cycle as a result of their structure. We conclude that FD has a positive spatial relationship with WFR, where WFR is the result of the multiple ecosystem processes such as energy exchange, evapotranspiration, runoff. FD, evaluated at the ecosystem level, can be a good means to quantify the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services. This type of analysis may be used to allow us to evaluate the thresholds of biodiversity necessary to maintain a target magnitude of the ecosystem service over time in a given watershed.

ACS Style

Jocelyn Esquivel; Cristian Echeverría; Alfredo Saldaña; Rodrigo Fuentes. High functional diversity of forest ecosystems is linked to high provision of water flow regulation ecosystem service. Ecological Indicators 2020, 115, 106433 .

AMA Style

Jocelyn Esquivel, Cristian Echeverría, Alfredo Saldaña, Rodrigo Fuentes. High functional diversity of forest ecosystems is linked to high provision of water flow regulation ecosystem service. Ecological Indicators. 2020; 115 ():106433.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jocelyn Esquivel; Cristian Echeverría; Alfredo Saldaña; Rodrigo Fuentes. 2020. "High functional diversity of forest ecosystems is linked to high provision of water flow regulation ecosystem service." Ecological Indicators 115, no. : 106433.

Journal article
Published: 20 January 2020 in Water
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Several impacts over ecosystem services have been produced by land use/cover changes, placing it as one of the main factors driving global environmental change. In the present study, the SWAT model was used to assess the effect of land use/cover changes on the hydrology response in the Andalien river basin from the south-central zone of Chile. Three land use/cover scenarios (LU_1986, LU_2001, and LU_2011) were compared over a period of 30 years (1984–2013) to remove the effect of climate variability on hydrology. The results show a significant decrease in total annual flows among the three LU scenarios. The greater differences in the annual flows of 25.05 m3/s were observed between LU_1986 and LU_2011 scenarios. The hydrological cycle dynamics in the basin show an increasing trend of evapotranspiration and surface flows with a significant decrease in percolation and lateral flow on a monthly and seasonal scale. This behavior can be explained by the increasing percentage of the basin area covered by exotic plantations, from 35.22% to 63.93% during the period. The evidence of these changes and the evaluation of their effects are particularly relevant for the long-term sustainable management of water resources.

ACS Style

Rebeca Martínez-Retureta; Mauricio Aguayo; Alejandra Stehr; Sabine Sauvage; Cristian Echeverría; José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez. Effect of Land Use/Cover Change on the Hydrological Response of a Southern Center Basin of Chile. Water 2020, 12, 302 .

AMA Style

Rebeca Martínez-Retureta, Mauricio Aguayo, Alejandra Stehr, Sabine Sauvage, Cristian Echeverría, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez. Effect of Land Use/Cover Change on the Hydrological Response of a Southern Center Basin of Chile. Water. 2020; 12 (1):302.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rebeca Martínez-Retureta; Mauricio Aguayo; Alejandra Stehr; Sabine Sauvage; Cristian Echeverría; José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez. 2020. "Effect of Land Use/Cover Change on the Hydrological Response of a Southern Center Basin of Chile." Water 12, no. 1: 302.

Review article
Published: 24 May 2019 in Restoration Ecology
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Ecological restoration is becoming mainstreamed worldwide but target ecosystems’ responses to restorative interventions are not sufficiently monitored, in terms of the wide range of ecological, social, and economic attributes available. In order to highlight and better understand this problem, we conducted a literature review of the ecological, social, and economic attributes cited in the scientific literature used for monitoring the success of ecological restoration projects in Latin America and the Caribbean region, where no regional study of this kind has previously been conducted. In 84 of the 91 papers retained for the study, ecological indicators were evaluated, while only seven papers included measurements of socioeconomic indicators. Regarding the SER Primer attributes of restored ecosystems, we only found indicators measuring attributes 1‐6, with attribute 1 (species assemblages) predominating (73%), followed by physical conditions (54%) and ecological functions (51%). Brazil was the country in the region where most monitoring was being carried out (51% of the papers), and tropical rainforest (33%) and tropical dry forest (25%) were the ecosystem types where ecological restoration was most frequently monitored. Highly vulnerable ecosystems such as mangroves and paramos were under represented. Attributes related to ecosystem stability or to governance and education of communities, were not monitored at all. More real long‐term monitoring, instead of chronosequences, are needed, especially where understanding socioeconomic implications of, and barriers to, effective ecological restoration is a top priority. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

Marina Mazón; Nikolay Aguirre; Cristian Echeverría; James Aronson. Monitoring attributes for ecological restoration in Latin America and the Caribbean region. Restoration Ecology 2019, 27, 992 -999.

AMA Style

Marina Mazón, Nikolay Aguirre, Cristian Echeverría, James Aronson. Monitoring attributes for ecological restoration in Latin America and the Caribbean region. Restoration Ecology. 2019; 27 (5):992-999.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marina Mazón; Nikolay Aguirre; Cristian Echeverría; James Aronson. 2019. "Monitoring attributes for ecological restoration in Latin America and the Caribbean region." Restoration Ecology 27, no. 5: 992-999.

Journal article
Published: 20 October 2017 in Restoration Ecology
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Restoration is increasingly being used to reverse degradation and destruction of forest ecosystems. With increasing investment in restoration, there is an urgent need to develop effective programs to assess treatment efficacy and effects. We conducted a global review of forest restoration assessments, in order to identify geographic trends in the locations where assessments have been implemented and the specific ecological attributes (ecosystem composition, structure, and function) and indicators being used to measure effects. We found that the number of forest restoration assessments varied by region and was not related to degree of degradation or restoration need. Some regions, like Africa, which have experienced high rates of forest loss and degradation, had few assessments. The majority (43%) of assessments included indicators for only two of three key ecological attributes (composition-structure or composition-function) and assessments on average used fewer than three indicators per attribute. The most commonly employed indicators for composition were richness and abundance of plant species and for structure were height and diameter of trees, variables that are generally relatively easy to measure. The use of functional indicators has been increasing over time and they are now more commonly used than structural indicators. The most common functional indicators were soil functions. Most investigators evaluated treatment effects for 6–10 years after implementation. Our findings related to gaps in analysis of ecological indicators can serve as a guide for developing monitoring and assessment protocols for current global forest restoration initiatives by 2020–2030.

ACS Style

Paula Gatica‐Saavedra; Cristian Echeverría; Cara R. Nelson. Ecological indicators for assessing ecological success of forest restoration: a world review. Restoration Ecology 2017, 25, 850 -857.

AMA Style

Paula Gatica‐Saavedra, Cristian Echeverría, Cara R. Nelson. Ecological indicators for assessing ecological success of forest restoration: a world review. Restoration Ecology. 2017; 25 (6):850-857.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paula Gatica‐Saavedra; Cristian Echeverría; Cara R. Nelson. 2017. "Ecological indicators for assessing ecological success of forest restoration: a world review." Restoration Ecology 25, no. 6: 850-857.

Articles
Published: 18 June 2017 in International Journal of Remote Sensing
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Land-use and land-cover has a relevant role in nutrient fluxes at the watershed scale. Rivers are the natural bridges between terrestrial and aquatic systems where water, nutrients, and sediments, among others, are transferred through land–margin and margin–aquatic interactions. In this regard, it is necessary to gain further understanding of the influence of land-use and land-cover changes (LULCCs) on aquatic systems characterized by high quality standards but whose watersheds are subject to recent LULCC. In this study, a spatially explicit model (N-SPECT) was applied with the purpose of assessing whether, in southern-central Chile, the recent LULCC could alter the nutrient input to oligotrophic lakes (total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP)). We hypothesize that maintaining the LULCC would force a significant increase in nutrient inputs, mainly due to deforestation and agricultural expansion into areas of greater slopes and altitudes currently covered by temperate forest. The results showed degradation and deforestation with annual rates of loss of old-growth forest close to 1%. Similarly, significant clearance for agricultural purposes near rivers and coastal areas was noted. This condition will cause an increase in nutrient inputs from tributary rivers, and it is estimated that by 2020, under current LULCC trajectories, the TN loads entering the lake will be 1.11 times higher than those registered in the mid-1980s. The results indicate that to preserve and/or restore the quality of aquatic south-central Chilean ecosystems, it is necessary to modify the current LULCC: (1) to fundamentally stop the temperate forest degradation and (2) to regulate the expansion of agricultural land in steeper and higher areas, where important forest still exists.

ACS Style

Rodrigo Fuentes; Jorge León-Muñoz; Cristian Echeverría. Spatially explicit modelling of the impacts of land-use and land-cover change on nutrient inputs to an oligotrophic lake. International Journal of Remote Sensing 2017, 38, 7531 -7550.

AMA Style

Rodrigo Fuentes, Jorge León-Muñoz, Cristian Echeverría. Spatially explicit modelling of the impacts of land-use and land-cover change on nutrient inputs to an oligotrophic lake. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2017; 38 (24):7531-7550.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodrigo Fuentes; Jorge León-Muñoz; Cristian Echeverría. 2017. "Spatially explicit modelling of the impacts of land-use and land-cover change on nutrient inputs to an oligotrophic lake." International Journal of Remote Sensing 38, no. 24: 7531-7550.

News article
Published: 09 January 2015 in Restoration Ecology
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Degradation of ecosystems is ongoing in Latin America but there is also a strong upswing in conservation and restoration efforts. SIACRE – the Ibero‐American and Caribbean Society for Ecological Restoration – is playing a key role in coordinating and promoting this trend at international, national, and subnational levels. In October 2014, SIACRE members organized the first national seminar on ecological restoration in Chile, with participants representing both academic and non‐academic sectors. This seminar served as the catalyst for this essay and was an historic event at the national level. Much work has been underway in the science and practice of restoration in Chile, but until now it has been fragmented. This first national seminar enabled helped the principal strengths and challenges that Chile has and must face in the transdisciplinary domain of ecological restoration. Since 2004, various meetings have been organized in the region, in order to communicate the importance of restoration, especially in Mexico, Cuba, Colombia, Brazil, and more recently in Chile and Argentina. Here we trace the history of national and subnational restoration networks in Latin America and the Caribbean, and of SIACRE, and then outline some goals and challenges for the coming years.

ACS Style

Cristian Echeverría; Cecilia Smith-Ramírez; James Aronson; José I. Barrera-Cataño. Good news from Latin America and the Caribbean: national and international restoration networks are moving ahead. Restoration Ecology 2015, 23, 1 -3.

AMA Style

Cristian Echeverría, Cecilia Smith-Ramírez, James Aronson, José I. Barrera-Cataño. Good news from Latin America and the Caribbean: national and international restoration networks are moving ahead. Restoration Ecology. 2015; 23 (1):1-3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cristian Echeverría; Cecilia Smith-Ramírez; James Aronson; José I. Barrera-Cataño. 2015. "Good news from Latin America and the Caribbean: national and international restoration networks are moving ahead." Restoration Ecology 23, no. 1: 1-3.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2012 in Bosque (Valdivia)
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ACS Style

Cristian Echeverría. Biennial IUFRO Landscape Ecology Conference. Bosque (Valdivia) 2012, 33, 1 -2.

AMA Style

Cristian Echeverría. Biennial IUFRO Landscape Ecology Conference. Bosque (Valdivia). 2012; 33 (3):1-2.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cristian Echeverría. 2012. "Biennial IUFRO Landscape Ecology Conference." Bosque (Valdivia) 33, no. 3: 1-2.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2012 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Investment in natural capital restoration is increasing as a response to the widespread ecological degradation of dryland forests. However, finding efficient mechanisms to promote restoration among private landowners is a significant challenge for policy makers with limited financial resources. Furthermore, few attempts have been made to evaluate the costs and benefits of restoration interventions even though this information is relevant to orient decision making. Hence, our goal was to estimate the benefits and costs of dryland forest restoration by means of reforestation with native trees in a study area in central Chile. To determine benefits we applied a Contingent Valuation questionnaire that allowed for the calculation of willingness to pay measures. Restoration costs were calculated based on market prices following existing technical recommendations developed for the study area. The results showed that the restoration project had a negative NPV irrespective of the discount rate applied in the analysis. Thus, the NPV varied between –US$71,000 and –US$258,000. The NPV attained positive results only for negative discount rates (US$15,039 for −2%) and only when the national subsidy available for forest restoration was taken into account. This shows that landowners in Colliguay do not have incentives for carrying out restoration interventions due to a classic market failure: that in which ecosystems are mismanaged because many of their benefits are externalities from the perspective of landowners. Overall, these results stress the need for developing new compensation mechanisms and enhancing those in existence, with the aim of making restoration competitive with other land uses.

ACS Style

Ignacio Schiappacasse; Laura Nahuelhual; Felipe Vásquez; Cristian Echeverría. Assessing the benefits and costs of dryland forest restoration in central Chile. Journal of Environmental Management 2012, 97, 38 -45.

AMA Style

Ignacio Schiappacasse, Laura Nahuelhual, Felipe Vásquez, Cristian Echeverría. Assessing the benefits and costs of dryland forest restoration in central Chile. Journal of Environmental Management. 2012; 97 ():38-45.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ignacio Schiappacasse; Laura Nahuelhual; Felipe Vásquez; Cristian Echeverría. 2012. "Assessing the benefits and costs of dryland forest restoration in central Chile." Journal of Environmental Management 97, no. : 38-45.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2012 in Applied Geography
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A comprehensive understanding of the patterns that occur as human processes transform landscapes is necessary for sustainable development. We provide new evidence on how landscapes change by analysing the spatial patterns of human processes in three forest landscapes in southern Chile at different states of alteration (40%–90% of old-growth forest loss). Three phases of landscape alteration are distinguished. In Phase I (40%–65% of old-growth forest loss), deforestation rates are < 1% yr−1, forests are increasingly degraded, and clearance for pastureland is concentrated on deeper soils. In Phase II (65%–80%), deforestation reaches its maximum rate of 1–1.5% yr−1, with clearance for pastureland being the main human process, creating a landscape dominated by disturbed forest and shrubland. In this phase, clearance for pastureland is the primary driver of change, with pastures expanding onto poorer soils in more spatially aggregated patterns. In Phase III (80%–90%), deforestation rates are again relatively low (<1% yr−1) and forest regrowth is observed on marginal lands. During this phase, clearance is the dominant process and pastureland is the main land cover. As a forest landscape is transformed, the extent and intensity of human processes vary according to the existing state of landscape alteration, resulting in distinctive landscape patterns in each phase. A relationship between spatial patterns of land cover and human-related processes has been identified along the gradient of landscape alteration. This integrative framework can potentially provide insights into the patterns and processes of dynamic landscapes in other areas subjected to intensifying human use.

ACS Style

Cristian Echeverría; Adrian Newton; Laura Nahuelhual; David Coomes; José Rey Benayas. How landscapes change: Integration of spatial patterns and human processes in temperate landscapes of southern Chile. Applied Geography 2012, 32, 822 -831.

AMA Style

Cristian Echeverría, Adrian Newton, Laura Nahuelhual, David Coomes, José Rey Benayas. How landscapes change: Integration of spatial patterns and human processes in temperate landscapes of southern Chile. Applied Geography. 2012; 32 (2):822-831.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cristian Echeverría; Adrian Newton; Laura Nahuelhual; David Coomes; José Rey Benayas. 2012. "How landscapes change: Integration of spatial patterns and human processes in temperate landscapes of southern Chile." Applied Geography 32, no. 2: 822-831.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2012 in Ecology and Society
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Newton, A. C., R. F. del Castillo, C. Echeverría, D. Geneletti, M. González-Espinosa, L. R. Malizia, A. C. Premoli, J. M. Rey Benayas, C. Smith-Ramírez, and G. Williams-Linera. 2012. Forest landscape restoration in the drylands of Latin America. Ecology and Society 17(1): 21. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-04572-170121

ACS Style

Adrian C. Newton; Cristian Echeverría; Lucio R. Malizia; Andrea C. Premoli; Rafael F. Del Castillo; Davide Geneletti; Mario González-Espinosa; José M. Rey Benayas; Cecilia Smith-Ramírez; Guadalupe Williams-Linera. Forest Landscape Restoration in the Drylands of Latin America. Ecology and Society 2012, 17, 1 .

AMA Style

Adrian C. Newton, Cristian Echeverría, Lucio R. Malizia, Andrea C. Premoli, Rafael F. Del Castillo, Davide Geneletti, Mario González-Espinosa, José M. Rey Benayas, Cecilia Smith-Ramírez, Guadalupe Williams-Linera. Forest Landscape Restoration in the Drylands of Latin America. Ecology and Society. 2012; 17 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adrian C. Newton; Cristian Echeverría; Lucio R. Malizia; Andrea C. Premoli; Rafael F. Del Castillo; Davide Geneletti; Mario González-Espinosa; José M. Rey Benayas; Cecilia Smith-Ramírez; Guadalupe Williams-Linera. 2012. "Forest Landscape Restoration in the Drylands of Latin America." Ecology and Society 17, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2011 in Revista de geografía Norte Grande
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Gustavo Bizama; Fernando Torrejón; Mauricio Aguayo; María D. Muñoz; Cristian Echeverría; Roberto Urrutia. Pérdida y fragmentación del bosque nativo en la cuenca del río Aysén (Patagonia-Chile) durante el siglo XX. Revista de geografía Norte Grande 2011, 125 -138.

AMA Style

Gustavo Bizama, Fernando Torrejón, Mauricio Aguayo, María D. Muñoz, Cristian Echeverría, Roberto Urrutia. Pérdida y fragmentación del bosque nativo en la cuenca del río Aysén (Patagonia-Chile) durante el siglo XX. Revista de geografía Norte Grande. 2011; (49):125-138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gustavo Bizama; Fernando Torrejón; Mauricio Aguayo; María D. Muñoz; Cristian Echeverría; Roberto Urrutia. 2011. "Pérdida y fragmentación del bosque nativo en la cuenca del río Aysén (Patagonia-Chile) durante el siglo XX." Revista de geografía Norte Grande , no. 49: 125-138.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2011 in Biological Conservation
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Systematic approaches to conservation planning and management require spatially explicit information on the dynamics of multiple disturbance processes, but progress in providing such information has been limited to date. Here we examine the use of a spatially explicit model of forest dynamics (LANDIS-II), incorporating a range of ecological processes, to examine the impacts of different types of disturbance on a dryland forest landscape in Central Chile. The model was parameterized using spatial data and results of a field survey, in which 21 native tree species were recorded, and one invasive exotic (Acacia dealbata). Seven disturbance scenarios were simulated, with different combinations of fire, browsing and tree cutting. Model results indicated relatively little impact of disturbance on forest cover but substantial differences in forest structure, with relatively old-growth forest stands (>120 years old) being virtually eliminated from the landscape in scenarios with both browsing and cutting. Tree species richness tended to be lower in those scenarios without disturbance, highlighting potential trade-offs between forest structure and species richness. Spread of A. dealbata was projected only to occur in the presence of fire when combined with browsing and/or cutting. These interactive effects of different forms of disturbance illustrate the value of process-based modeling approaches for exploring the spatial dynamics of multiple disturbance processes, but highlight the difficulty of identifying an optimum disturbance regime that would enable conservation objectives to be achieved. It is suggested that process-based models should form part of an analytical ‘toolkit’ to support the practical implementation of systematic conservation planning approaches.

ACS Style

A.C. Newton; C. Echeverría; E. Cantarello; G. Bolados. Projecting impacts of human disturbances to inform conservation planning and management in a dryland forest landscape. Biological Conservation 2011, 144, 1949 -1960.

AMA Style

A.C. Newton, C. Echeverría, E. Cantarello, G. Bolados. Projecting impacts of human disturbances to inform conservation planning and management in a dryland forest landscape. Biological Conservation. 2011; 144 (7):1949-1960.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A.C. Newton; C. Echeverría; E. Cantarello; G. Bolados. 2011. "Projecting impacts of human disturbances to inform conservation planning and management in a dryland forest landscape." Biological Conservation 144, no. 7: 1949-1960.

Journal article
Published: 15 October 2010 in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
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In rural areas, land use and cover change is often the cumulative result of individual farmer decisions. The goal was to construct a spatial typology of farming systems and assess their influence on the extent and spatial distribution of deforestation, forest re-growth, and agriculture expansion in southern Chile between 1999 and 2007. We present a farm typology and its spatial rendering through the combination of farm-cadastral information and land cover and change data. Using multivariate statistical methods, four types were identified. Type I (1565 subsistence farms) and type II farms (1016 multifunctional farms) comprised 94% of the total farms under study. Type III (28 forest farms) and type IV farms (137 specialized dairy farms) represented the remaining 6%, but accounted for 35% of the deforested area. Using Kernel density estimation, it was determined that areas of high deforestation density were related to high concentrations of type I and IV farms, whereas agriculture expansion was related to types I and II. Overall, subsistence farms had the largest influence on the landscape in terms of the spatial extent and concentration of LUCC processes. These results are relevant for planning, especially in countries where rural landscapes are still dominated by farming activities.

ACS Style

A. Carmona; L. Nahuelhual; C. Echeverria; A. Baez. Linking farming systems to landscape change: An empirical and spatially explicit study in southern Chile. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2010, 139, 40 -50.

AMA Style

A. Carmona, L. Nahuelhual, C. Echeverria, A. Baez. Linking farming systems to landscape change: An empirical and spatially explicit study in southern Chile. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2010; 139 (1):40-50.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Carmona; L. Nahuelhual; C. Echeverria; A. Baez. 2010. "Linking farming systems to landscape change: An empirical and spatially explicit study in southern Chile." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 139, no. 1: 40-50.

Book chapter
Published: 16 November 2009 in Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America
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José Rey Benayas; Luis Cayuela; Mario Gonzalezespinosa; Cristian Echeverria; Robert Manson; Guadalupe Williams-Linera; R. F. Del Castillo; Neptali Ramirezmarcial; Miguel Angel Muñiz-Castro; A. Blanco-Macías; Alayn Loayssa Lara; Adrian C Newton. Plant diversity in highly fragmented forest landscapes in Mexico and Chile: implications for conservation. Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America 2009, 43 -68.

AMA Style

José Rey Benayas, Luis Cayuela, Mario Gonzalezespinosa, Cristian Echeverria, Robert Manson, Guadalupe Williams-Linera, R. F. Del Castillo, Neptali Ramirezmarcial, Miguel Angel Muñiz-Castro, A. Blanco-Macías, Alayn Loayssa Lara, Adrian C Newton. Plant diversity in highly fragmented forest landscapes in Mexico and Chile: implications for conservation. Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America. 2009; ():43-68.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Rey Benayas; Luis Cayuela; Mario Gonzalezespinosa; Cristian Echeverria; Robert Manson; Guadalupe Williams-Linera; R. F. Del Castillo; Neptali Ramirezmarcial; Miguel Angel Muñiz-Castro; A. Blanco-Macías; Alayn Loayssa Lara; Adrian C Newton. 2009. "Plant diversity in highly fragmented forest landscapes in Mexico and Chile: implications for conservation." Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America , no. : 43-68.

Book chapter
Published: 16 November 2009 in Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America
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Current efforts at sustainable forest management depend on the development of appropriate and effective indicators of forest biodiversity. While many...

ACS Style

C. Echeverria; M. González-Espinosa; Guadalupe Williams-Linera; Neptalí Ramírez-Marcial; O. Thiers; J. J. Armesto; J. C. Aravena; Antonio Lara. Testing forest biodiversity indicators by assessing anthropogenic impacts along disturbance gradients. Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America 2009, 276 -290.

AMA Style

C. Echeverria, M. González-Espinosa, Guadalupe Williams-Linera, Neptalí Ramírez-Marcial, O. Thiers, J. J. Armesto, J. C. Aravena, Antonio Lara. Testing forest biodiversity indicators by assessing anthropogenic impacts along disturbance gradients. Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America. 2009; ():276-290.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. Echeverria; M. González-Espinosa; Guadalupe Williams-Linera; Neptalí Ramírez-Marcial; O. Thiers; J. J. Armesto; J. C. Aravena; Antonio Lara. 2009. "Testing forest biodiversity indicators by assessing anthropogenic impacts along disturbance gradients." Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America , no. : 276-290.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2007 in Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America
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This chapter presents results of a scenario-building exercise, designed to explore future trends in forest biodiversity in four forest areas, and the potential implications for policy development and implementation. An expert consultation conducted in a workshop environment identified 11 principal pressures responsible for biodiversity loss in Latin America, namely land-cover change, fire, invasive species, browsing animals, pollution, mining, development of infrastructure (roads, pipelines, dams), logging/fuelwood extraction, habitat fragmentation, climate change and loss of keystone species and ecological structures. The relative importance of these different pressures was assessed in each of four study areas, namely Central Veracruz (Mexico), the Highlands of Chiapas (Mexico), Rio Maule-Cobquecura (Region VII, Chile) and Los Muermos-Ancud (Region X, Chile). Scores were generated for each area describing both variation in intensity of the pressures over time and their potential impacts on different components of biodiversity. The scoring process was used to support development of three scenario narratives for each area, namely business as usual, deepening conservation crisis and effective conservation. Recommendations for policy development and implementation are presented for each study area, based on these scenarios. The results indicate that action on global commitments to reduce biodiversity loss must take account of the geographical variation in the relative importance of different pressures and their varying impacts on different biodiversity components. Policy developments and practical conservation action will need to be tailored for individual areas, defined at the sub-national level.

ACS Style

L. Miles; A. C. Newton; C. Alvarez-Aquino; J. J. Armesto; R. F. del Castillo; L. Cayuela; C. Echeverría; M. González-Espinosa; A. Lara; F. López-Barrera; R. H. Manson; G. Montoya-Gómez; M. A. Muñiz-Castro; M. C. Núñez-Ávila; R. A. Pedraza; J. M. Rey-Benayas; A. E. Rovere; N. Rüger; C. Smith-Ramírez; C. Souto; G. Williams-Linera. Future scenarios for tropical montane and south temperate forest biodiversity in Latin America. Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America 2007, 370 -397.

AMA Style

L. Miles, A. C. Newton, C. Alvarez-Aquino, J. J. Armesto, R. F. del Castillo, L. Cayuela, C. Echeverría, M. González-Espinosa, A. Lara, F. López-Barrera, R. H. Manson, G. Montoya-Gómez, M. A. Muñiz-Castro, M. C. Núñez-Ávila, R. A. Pedraza, J. M. Rey-Benayas, A. E. Rovere, N. Rüger, C. Smith-Ramírez, C. Souto, G. Williams-Linera. Future scenarios for tropical montane and south temperate forest biodiversity in Latin America. Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America. 2007; ():370-397.

Chicago/Turabian Style

L. Miles; A. C. Newton; C. Alvarez-Aquino; J. J. Armesto; R. F. del Castillo; L. Cayuela; C. Echeverría; M. González-Espinosa; A. Lara; F. López-Barrera; R. H. Manson; G. Montoya-Gómez; M. A. Muñiz-Castro; M. C. Núñez-Ávila; R. A. Pedraza; J. M. Rey-Benayas; A. E. Rovere; N. Rüger; C. Smith-Ramírez; C. Souto; G. Williams-Linera. 2007. "Future scenarios for tropical montane and south temperate forest biodiversity in Latin America." Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America , no. : 370-397.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2007 in Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America
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Temperate and tropical montane forests in Latin America represent a major natural resource at both regional and national levels for a number of reasons - biological, climatic, economic, cultural. Native tree species in these forests share conservation problems because of deforestation, habitat degradation, overall biodiversity loss and integrity of landscape structure. However, literature on forest restoration research and practices in these ecosystems is scanty and dispersed. We integrate forest restoration experiences aimed at a variety of purposes that allow us to gain insight over several years under contrasting ecological, social and economic conditions in six study regions: the Argentinian Andes, the IX and X Regions in Chile (including northern Chiloé Island), and central Veracruz and the central and northern Highlands of Chiapas (Mexico). By comparing analogous conditions and highlighting differences among the study sites, current pitfalls can be identified and used to define a minimum set of elements to be considered in a protocol for restoration practices. The restoration studies reviewed here include a wide variety of ecological and socio-economic circumstances that allow the identification of broad guidelines, criteria and indicators for planning, implementing and monitoring ecological restoration programmes. We conclude with statements that suggest approaches, strategies and concrete actions that might be considered as lessons learned and inputs for best practice in forest restoration research and programmes conducted in other developing regions.

ACS Style

M. González-Espinosa; N. Ramírez-Marcial; A. C. Newton; J. M. Rey-Benayas; A. Camacho-Cruz; J. J. Armesto; A. Lara; A. C. Premoli; G. Williams-Linera; A. Altamirano; C. Alvarez-Aquino; M. Cortés; C. Echeverría; L. Galindo-Jaimes; M. A. Muñiz-Castro; M. C. Núñez-Ávila; R. A. Pedraza; A. E. Rovere; C. Smith-Ramírez; O. Thiers; C. Zamorano. Restoration of forest ecosystems in fragmented landscapes of temperate and montane tropical Latin America. Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America 2007, 335 -369.

AMA Style

M. González-Espinosa, N. Ramírez-Marcial, A. C. Newton, J. M. Rey-Benayas, A. Camacho-Cruz, J. J. Armesto, A. Lara, A. C. Premoli, G. Williams-Linera, A. Altamirano, C. Alvarez-Aquino, M. Cortés, C. Echeverría, L. Galindo-Jaimes, M. A. Muñiz-Castro, M. C. Núñez-Ávila, R. A. Pedraza, A. E. Rovere, C. Smith-Ramírez, O. Thiers, C. Zamorano. Restoration of forest ecosystems in fragmented landscapes of temperate and montane tropical Latin America. Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America. 2007; ():335-369.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. González-Espinosa; N. Ramírez-Marcial; A. C. Newton; J. M. Rey-Benayas; A. Camacho-Cruz; J. J. Armesto; A. Lara; A. C. Premoli; G. Williams-Linera; A. Altamirano; C. Alvarez-Aquino; M. Cortés; C. Echeverría; L. Galindo-Jaimes; M. A. Muñiz-Castro; M. C. Núñez-Ávila; R. A. Pedraza; A. E. Rovere; C. Smith-Ramírez; O. Thiers; C. Zamorano. 2007. "Restoration of forest ecosystems in fragmented landscapes of temperate and montane tropical Latin America." Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America , no. : 335-369.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2007 in Bosque (Valdivia)
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Cristian Echeverría; Anton Huber; Florent Taberlet. Estudio comparativo de los componentes del balance hídrico en un bosque nativo y una pradera en el sur de Chile. Bosque (Valdivia) 2007, 28, 271 -280.

AMA Style

Cristian Echeverría, Anton Huber, Florent Taberlet. Estudio comparativo de los componentes del balance hídrico en un bosque nativo y una pradera en el sur de Chile. Bosque (Valdivia). 2007; 28 (3):271-280.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cristian Echeverría; Anton Huber; Florent Taberlet. 2007. "Estudio comparativo de los componentes del balance hídrico en un bosque nativo y una pradera en el sur de Chile." Bosque (Valdivia) 28, no. 3: 271-280.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2007 in Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America
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The patterns and driving forces of forest loss and fragmentation were assessed in four study areas: two in Mexico (Central Veracruz and the Highlands of Chiapas) and two in Chile (Rio Maule- Cobquecura and Los Muermos-Ancud). For the Highlands of Chiapas, Rio Maule-Cobquecura and Los Muermos-Ancud study areas, three land-cover maps were derived from satellite imagery acquired between 1975-1976 and 1999-2000. For Central Veracruz, two land-cover maps were obtained from the interpretation of aerial photographs and Landsat ETM+ satellite images for 1984 and 2000, respectively. Analysis of these images indicated a reduction in natural forest area of 67% in Rio Maule-Cobquecura, 57% in the Highlands of Chiapas, 26% in Central Veracruz and 23% in Los Muermos-Ancud. These losses are equivalent to annual forest loss rates of 4.4%, 3.4%, 2.0% and 1.1% per year, respectively. Forest fragmentation in the study areas led to a decrease in forest patch size, which was associated with a rapid increase in the density and isolation of forest patches and a decline in area of interior forests and number of large patches. Logistic regression models were used in each study area to identify the factors associated with forest loss. Overall, the probability of an area being cleared of forest was greatest in gently sloping areas and around the margins of forest patches. Additionally, soil fertility appears to be a significant factor associated with deforestation in Central Veracruz. In Maule-Cobquecura and Los Muermos-Ancud the probability of deforestation was higher as size of forest fragments decreased, whereas in the Highlands of Chiapas large fragments were particularly vulnerable to deforestation. Given the current trends of forest loss, we predict that further declines and spatial changes of forest cover will occur in each of the study areas. The patterns observed reveal some of the immediate causes of deforestation in Mexico and Chile such as pasture and crop expansion, forest logging and conversion to plantations of exotic tree species. These changes highlight some weaknesses in the national environmental and economic policies in the countries included in this study.

ACS Style

C. Echeverría; L. Cayuela; R. H. Manson; D. A. Coomes; A. Lara; J. M. Rey-Benayas; A. C. Newton. Spatial and temporal patterns of forest loss and fragmentation in Mexico and Chile. Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America 2007, 14 -42.

AMA Style

C. Echeverría, L. Cayuela, R. H. Manson, D. A. Coomes, A. Lara, J. M. Rey-Benayas, A. C. Newton. Spatial and temporal patterns of forest loss and fragmentation in Mexico and Chile. Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America. 2007; ():14-42.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. Echeverría; L. Cayuela; R. H. Manson; D. A. Coomes; A. Lara; J. M. Rey-Benayas; A. C. Newton. 2007. "Spatial and temporal patterns of forest loss and fragmentation in Mexico and Chile." Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America , no. : 14-42.