Economics carries a complex, due to its fuzzy knowledge, because the differences among the economic schools. In the middle of the 20th century, an attempt was made to close falsely with the Neoclassical Synthesis, imposing a mainstream version of applied and econometric style. This did not solve the problem of knowledge, but rather aggravated it with the paradox of recurrent seizures and autistic tendency. The aforementioned problem is diagnosed here, taking into account the four ontological categories of economic knowledge, in addition to predicting the risks and challenges that await the emerging program of knowledge and complexity Economy.

The objective of the research was to measure the impact of metal mining production on per capita family income at the district level, during the period 2003 and 2019. For this purpose, the data from the United Nations report and the econometric methodology of difference in differences were used with and without spatial effects. The results without spatial effect show that the impact of mining on monthly per capita family income between 2003 and 2019 was 207.42 soles. However, considering the effects of spatial spillover, the total impact was 291.61 soles, which is decomposed into a direct and indirect impact of 189.77 soles and 101.84 soles, respectively. Likewise, the results suggest that there is a total impact of 77.25 soles on the per capita family income of the neighboring non-mining district. These results suggest that there is ample space for the design and implementation of public policies for the mining sector.

Este documento revisa la literatura de estudios que se realizaron sobre la estructura de mercado del sector bancario y su relación con el crecimiento económico para el alcance de más investigaciones acerca del tema en cuestión. La importancia de este estudio es mostrar el comportamiento de mercado del sector bancario, es decir si es monopolio, competencia monopolística o de competencia perfecta, con el fin de determinar el impacto que tendría sobre el crecimiento económico. La búsqueda de bibliografías se realiza principalmente en las revistas que se encuentran en la plataforma Scopus y se toma en cuenta aquellas revistas que se encuentran en el cuartil 1 (Q1), tomando un total de 53 artículos. El análisis de la literatura muestra que el sector bancario tiene un comportamiento de competencia monopolística pero que se acerca a un mercado de competencia perfecta, y la relación que existe entre los créditos y crecimiento económico es positiva además el sistema financiero debe ser competitivo y eficiente como un requisito previo para tener un impacto sobre el crecimiento económico.

This study examines the direct and indirect effects of mining activities on key socioeconomic indicators such as per capita income, the Human Development Index (HDI), and education in the Puno region of Peru, comparing short-term (2015–2019) and long-term (2003–2029) impacts. Using a random effects panel data model and incorporating spatial autocorrelation, the study analyzes data from 2003 to 2019 to assess the effects of mining on both mining and non-mining districts. The results show that in the short term, family income per capita in mining districts increased by PEN 65.03, while non-mining districts saw an indirect increase of PEN 80.59. In the long term, the direct impact on mining districts grew to PEN 239.44, with the indirect impact on non-mining districts reaching PEN 352.30. In education, mining districts experienced a 6.74 percentage point increase in secondary education for 18-year-olds in the short term, and non-mining districts had a 5.19 percentage point increase, with both showing positive impacts. Long-term effects showed a smaller increase, with mining districts at 12.27 percentage points and non-mining districts at 9.71 percentage points. Regarding the HDI, the direct impact in mining districts in the short term was an increase of 0.02 points, with a total impact of 0.03 points, while the indirect impact on non-mining districts was minimal. In the long term, the direct impact on mining districts grew to 0.09 points, with the total impact reaching 0.10 points, while non-mining districts showed an increase of 0.10 points as well. The study concludes that mining has significant short-term impacts, particularly on income and education, but the long-term effects are more pronounced, especially for income and the HDI, with substantial indirect benefits for non-mining districts, especially in terms of income. Educational improvements stabilize over time, and mining’s overall impact on the HDI increases as its economic and social effects deepen.

The objective of the study was to determine the social, economic and environmental factors that influence the food insecurity of households located in the Andes of Peru. Using the database of the National Household Survey of 2018 produced by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics of Peru and estimating a logistic regression model, the results show that food insecurity is directly related to household size. It was also found that there is greater food insecurity in homes where there are children under the age of 19, homes where the head of the household is male, homes with overcrowding, and in those homes that are located in the northern highlands or central highlands of Peru and, likewise, food insecurity is inversely related to household income, the number of household income recipients, and non-food expenses. Finally, there is less food insecurity in homes where the head of household has an occupation, homes that access school social food programs, homes that access public water and electricity services, and homes that reside in the rural highlands.