Bacillus sp. THPS1 is a novel strain isolated from a high-temperature hot spring in Thailand, exhibiting distinctive genomic features that enable adaptation to an extreme environment. This study aimed to characterize the genomic and functional attributes of Bacillus sp. THPS1 to understand its adaptation strategies and evaluate its potential for biotechnological applications. The draft genome is 5.38 Mbp with a GC content of 35.67%, encoding 5606 genes, including those linked to stress response and sporulation, which are essential for survival in high-temperature conditions. Phylogenetic analysis and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values confirmed its classification as a distinct species within the Bacillus genus. Pangenome analysis involving 19 others closely related thermophilic Bacillus species identified 1888 singleton genes associated with heat resistance, sporulation, and specialized metabolism, suggesting adaptation to nutrient-deficient, high-temperature environments. Genomic analysis revealed 12 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), including those for polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides, highlighting its potential for synthesizing secondary metabolites that may facilitate its adaptation. Additionally, the presence of three Siphoviridae phage regions and 96 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) suggests significant genomic plasticity, whereas the existence of five CRISPR arrays implies an advanced defense mechanism against phage infections, contributing to genomic stability. The distinctive genomic features and functional capacities of Bacillus sp. THPS1 make it a promising candidate for biotechnological applications, particularly in the production of heat-stable enzymes and the development of resilient bioformulations.

Proteomics, the large-scale study of proteins and their functions, is an essential tool in biological research, particularly in livestock production and aquaculture. This review explores the significance of proteomic techniques and technologies in enhancing agricultural practices. Key methods, including mass spectrometry, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and protein microarrays, enable researchers to analyze protein complexity in biological systems. In livestock production, proteomics improves animal health, growth, reproduction, and disease resistance, contributing to more efficient and sustainable practices. In aquaculture, it optimizes fish health, breeding strategies, and feed efficiency, promoting sustainable farming. Despite its potential, proteomics faces challenges, such as complexity, the need for standardized methods, and difficulties in data interpretation. However, emerging advances—including multi-omics integration, real-time monitoring, and improved understanding of protein functions under varying environmental conditions—offer promising solutions. In conclusion, proteomics is poised to transform livestock production and aquaculture, addressing key challenges in food security and sustainable agriculture.

Effective control of bacterial infections remains a significant challenge in aquaculture. The marine bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis (P. salmonis), responsible for piscirickettsiosis, causes widespread infections in various salmon species, leading to substantial mortality and economic losses. Despite efforts to genetically characterize P. salmonis, critical gaps persist in understanding its virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance genes, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This study addresses these gaps through a comparative analysis of the pan-genome and core genomes of 80 P. salmonis strains from different geographical regions and genogroups. P. salmonis had an open pan-genome consisting of 14,564 genes, with a core genome of 1257 conserved genes. Eleven virulence-related genes were identified in the pan-genome, categorized into five functional groups, providing new insights into the pathogenicity of P. salmonis. Unique SNPs were detected in four key genes (gyrA, dnaK, rpoB, and ftsZ), serving as robust molecular markers for distinguishing the LF and EM genogroups. Notably, AMR genes identified in four LF strains suggest evolutionary adaptations under selective pressure. Functional annotation of the core genomes using the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases demonstrated conserved gene clusters linked to essential intracellular survival mechanisms and bacterial pathogenicity. These findings suggest a direct association between core genome features and variations in pathogenesis and host–pathogen interactions across genogroups. Phylogenetic reconstruction further highlighted the influence of AMR genes on strain divergence. Collectively, this study enhances the genomic understanding of P. salmonis and lays the groundwork for improved diagnostic tools and targeted therapeutics to manage piscirickettsiosis in aquaculture.

Caffeic acid (CA), a plant-derived phenolic compound, is emerging as a promising natural feed additive for sustainable aquaculture. Its growth-promoting, immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial activities suggest utility as an alternative that diminishes antibiotic use in fish farming. Evidence across multiple species indicates improvements in innate immune responses, enhanced antioxidant capacity, and increased survival during pathogen challenge. Nevertheless, adoption remains limited by unresolved questions regarding optimal inclusion levels, species-specific physiological responses, interactions with other dietary components, and effects on the gut microbiota. This review synthesizes current research on CA, critically evaluates its functional roles in aquaculture, and assesses its relevance to sustainable production. Priorities for future work include elucidating mechanisms of action, conducting cross-species dose–response studies, standardizing dosing protocols, clarifying microbiome effects, and evaluating economic feasibility for large-scale use. Addressing these gaps will be essential to realize the full potential of CA as a functional feed additive in sustainable aquaculture systems.

Antimicrobial resistance and environmental impacts have driven the search for effective nonantibiotic strategies in aquaculture. In this study, Bacillus aryabhattai strain CKNJH11 was isolated from shrimp pond sediment and systematically evaluated its suitability as a probiotic both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results revealed that CKNJH11 spores formed with 95.7% efficiency, survived extreme gastric (pH 2.0, 64.9% viability) and bile salt (5%, 78.1% viability) conditions, and inhibited biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio parahaemolyticus by 58.3% and 59.9%, respectively. Hemolysis tests and antibiotic‐susceptibility profiling confirmed the strain’s safety. To assess its performance in fish, 120 Asian seabass juveniles (initial weight 13.50 ± 0.35 g) were randomly assigned to four diets (1 × 10 ⁶ CFU/g) as a no‐probiotic control, unformulated spores, alginate‐encapsulated spores, and spores co‐encapsulated with Gracilaria fisheri polysaccharides. After 8 weeks, the co‐encapsulated group exhibited the greatest improvements in growth (60.7 ± 1.98 g weight gain (WG) vs. 38.6 ± 1.34 g in controls; p < 0.05), feed conversion ratio (FCR, 5.67 ± 0.18 vs. 8.13 ± 0.37), and immune indices (elevated leukocyte counts and hemoglobin levels). Gut microbiota analysis confirmed successful colonization by B. aryabhattai (3.75–3.93 log CFU/g) and a 60%–75% decline in Vibrio counts ( p < 0.05). The enhanced stability and activity afforded by alginate protection combined with prebiotic polysaccharides underscores the potential of this formulation as a sustainable biocontrol agent in aquaculture health management.