The neoclassical canons were used to define the proportions between various areas of the head and face. Therefore, this study was done to establish the neoclassical canons of facial proportions in Turkish adults. A total of 200 healthy adults 20 to 35 years of age were examined. Using anthropometric landmarks, 5 horizontal and 9 vertical direct measurements were made on the faces with a sliding calliper. Results have been compared with 8 neoclassical facial canons. When comparing between sexes, a significant difference has been found in all measurements except the upper facial width, left eye-fissure width, forehead height I and II (p < 0.005). The nasofacial proportion has been found to include the most proportional subjects (33%) followed by the orbito-nasal (30%), the orbital proportion (25%) and the naso-oral proportion (17%) in the female. Considering the male, the orbital proportion has been found to include the most proportional subjects (23%) followed by the orbito-nasal proportion (21%), naso-facial proportion (19%) and the naso-oral proportion (17%). The neoclassical canons have been shown to rarely be applicable to Turkish adults and our results may contribute to determine the concepts of transcultural facial structures.

Aim of this study is to measure the volume of the uterine layers in healthy women according to the menstrual cycle phases and to test the agreement between three methods. The study was performed with 28 healthy women. Participants were divided into three groups as follicular (n=7), luteal (n=10) and postmenopausal phase (n=11). We used the point-counting and planimetry method in MR images and the ellipsoid methods in images obtained by transvaginal ultrasonography. Spearman correlation analysis showed significant negative correlations between the volumes of uterine layers and age (p<0.01). The volumes of the total uterus, the total myometrium and the endometrium measured with planimetry and point-counting methods were significantly lower in the postmenopausal women (p<0.01). While volumes of total uterus and the total myometrium significantly lower in the postmenopausal group in measurements done using ellipsoid method, the decrease in the volume of the endometrium was not statistically significant. The Bland-Altman test results indicated an excellent agreement between point-counting and planimetry methods in the volumetric measurements. The ellipsoid method might be inadequate for determining uterine layers volume particularly the endometrium volume. The stereological methods permit unbiased and efficient estimation of volume of uterine layers in vivo examination of MRI.

Background and Objectives: The foramen lacerum (FL), located at the base of the skull, is generally considered the safest anatomical pathway for accessing the internal carotid artery (ICA) and the vidian canal (VC) during surgical procedures. We aimed to evaluate the morphometric characteristics of FL, VC, and related structures. Materials and Methods: This study utilized cranial computed tomography (CT) images obtained between 2016 and 2018 at Balıkesir University Faculty of Medicine for various clinical indications. A retrospective analysis was performed on cranial CT images from 77 patients, comprising 42 females and 35 males. The length and width of the FL, the length of the VC, and the angles formed between the VC and the pterygosphenoidal fissure and between the VC and the palatovaginal canal were measured. All measurements were performed using the three-dimensional (3D) Slicer software to ensure precision and consistency. Results: Males had significantly longer right and left FL lengths and left FL width than females (p < 0.05). No significant gender-based differences were found in VC length on either side. The angle between the VC and the pterygosphenoidal fissure was significantly larger in males (p < 0.05). Additionally, increased FL length and width were significantly correlated with larger angles between the VC and the pterygosphenoidal fissure in all subjects (p < 0.05). The anatomical variations of the FL Type 1 (normal) were identified as the most prevalent configuration across the study population. Type 2 (canal-shaped) ranked as the second most frequent variant in females, whereas Type 3 (bridged) was the second most commonly observed form in males. Conclusions: Preoperative identification of FL anatomical variations, which differ between individuals and sexes, may enhance the safety of skull base surgeries and minimize postoperative complications. The morphometric data presented in this study provide valuable guidance for clinicians planning interventions involving the FL and surrounding structures, and contribute valuable insights to anatomists regarding regional morphology.

Brain areas affected during neurodegenerative disease progression are considered anatomically connected to the first affected areas. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has connections with the medial temporal lobe (MTL), which includes regions that become atrophic in Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate the degree of volumetric asymmetry of DLPFC and MTL structures. This is a cross-sectional volumetric study involving 25 Alzheimer’s disease patients and 25 healthy adults who underwent MRI with a 3D turbo spin echo sequence at 1.5 Tesla. The atlas-based method incorporated MRIStudio software to automatically measure the volume of brain structures. We compared the asymmetry index and volumetric changes across study groups and correlated them with Mini-Mental State Examination scores. We observed significant volumetric rightward lateralization in the DLPFC and superior frontal gyrus in Alzheimer’s disease patients compared to the healthy controls. There was a significant volume loss in the MTL structures of Alzheimer’s disease patients. Atrophy of MTL structures was positively correlated with right DLPFC volume changes in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Volumetric asymmetry of the DLPFC may be a characteristic for determining disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Future studies are recommended to evaluate whether these volumetric asymmetrical changes are specific to Alzheimer’s disease and whether asymmetry measurements can serve as diagnostic markers.