Background/Objectives: Melanoma is a malignant tumour of melanocytes. Cutaneous melanoma accounts for the vast majority of cases and has benefitted from advances in targeted and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies, leading to substantial improvements in survival. In contrast, mucosal and vulvovaginal melanomas are rare, aggressive subtypes with distinct molecular and immune profiles and poor prognoses. This review synthesises evidence comparing cutaneous, mucosal, and vulvovaginal melanoma, with emphasis on biology, treatment, and outcomes Methods: A narrative comparative review was undertaken, examining the published literature on the epidemiology, molecular and immune characteristics, and treatment outcomes of cutaneous, mucosal, and vulvovaginal melanoma, including systemic therapies and surgical approaches. Results: Cutaneous melanoma demonstrates high tumour mutational burden and frequent BRAF and NRAS mutations, underpinning the success of targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Mucosal and vulvovaginal melanomas exhibit lower mutational burden, distinct mutation patterns, and reduced immunogenicity, correlating with poorer treatment responses. Surgery remains the mainstay of management, though optimal margins in vulvovaginal melanoma are unclear. Recurrence rates are high, and five-year survival remains poor. Evidence for systemic therapy is limited to small retrospective cohorts and subgroup analyses, showing lower response and survival rates compared with cutaneous melanoma. Chemotherapy has minimal benefit. Conclusions: Mucosal and vulvovaginal melanomas are biologically and clinically distinct from cutaneous melanoma and continue to have poor survival outcomes. Their rarity restricts high-quality evidence, highlighting the need for collaborative, innovative research to inform effective treatment strategies.

Background: Knee arthroscopy is a standard surgical procedure that is nowadays widely performed as day-case surgery. The aim of the study was to observe the effect of a single dose of intravenous corticosteroid on pain after undergoing knee arthroscopy for non-bony procedures. Methods: A prospective, double-blind study design was adopted. Patients undergoing knee arthroscopy for non-bony procedures were prospectively assigned into two equal groups: control (those who were not given steroids) and treatment (those who were given eight milligrams of dexamethasone intravenously 15 min prior to the inflation of the tourniquet). The pain was assessed pre-operatively on admission and on the first post-operative day during the morning round in five different movements using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Results: A total of 60 patients were included in the study. There was no significant difference in the pre-and post-operatively scores between both groups. The treatment group experienced a significant reduction in post-operative morphine requirements, with 80% of patients who did not receive dexamethasone requiring post-operative morphine compared to only 53.3% of patients who did (p = 0.027). Conclusions: Pre-operative intravenous administration of a single dose of dexamethasone may decrease opioid requirements for adequate pain control after knee arthroscopy.

Background/Objectives: Cervical mesonephric adenocarcinomas (MNACs) are among the rarest neoplasms of the female genital tract. Unlike the majority of cervical cancers, which are predominantly squamous in origin and strongly associated with HPV seropositivity, MNACs are distinct in both histology and pathophysiology. Despite their unique characteristics, MNACs have historically been managed in parallel with squamous cell carcinomas, resulting in a lack of optimised, evidence-based treatment protocols. In this systematic review, we aim to evaluate the current management strategies for MNACs and their associated clinical outcomes. Additionally, we critically appraise existing surgical and adjuvant therapies and propose embryologically oriented surgical techniques to achieve optimal tumour resection. Methods: We performed a systematic search across the MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases from 1960 to June 2024. The search strategy employed a combination of keywords and MeSH terms, including “Uterine Cervical Neoplasms” [MeSH], “mesonephric tumour”, “mesonephric neoplasm”, and “mesonephric cancer”. All relevant publications, including case reports and case series, were considered. Results: A total of 49 publications were finally included in the analysis, involving a thorough description of 91 MNAC cases. Most patients had stage I disease (70.8%) (n = 51). Hysterectomy was performed in 77 patients. The median follow-up was 29 months (range 1–199 months). Disease recurrence was observed in 35.2% (n = 25) of the cases, with the median disease-free survival (DFS) being 24 months (range 1–199). At the follow-up, 64.8% (n = 46) of patients remained in remission irrespective of the treatment modality, while 27.4% (n = 20) died due to disease progression. Conclusions: Mesonephric neoplasms of the uterine cervix are rare and clinically aggressive cancers that signify poor prognosis. Accurate identification and effective management can be challenging due to their particular anatomic and immunohistochemical characteristics. Therefore, a more tailored embryological-based approach should be considered for an optimal oncologic outcome.

As survival rates among patients with gynaecological cancers continue to improve, fertility preservation has become an increasingly important aspect of comprehensive cancer care, particularly for younger women diagnosed during their reproductive years. The impact of treatment on fertility varies according to cancer type, stage, and modality, necessitating individualised preservation strategies. Fertility preservation is both feasible and safe in carefully selected patients with early-stage gynaecological cancers. Oocyte and embryo cryopreservation remain the most widely accepted techniques, particularly when time allows for ovarian stimulation. Fertility-sparing surgeries, such as radical trachelectomy and conservative management of early endometrial cancer, have shown promising oncological and reproductive outcomes. However, barriers including access, timing, and awareness continue to limit broader implementation. In modern society, fertility-preserving strategies should form an integral part of treatment planning for reproductive-aged women with gynaecological malignancies. Early referral to a fertility specialist, patient-centred counselling, and a coordinated multidisciplinary approach are essential to optimise both oncological and reproductive outcomes. Further research and education are required to refine guidelines and expand access to fertility-preserving care. This review presents the current fertility preservation options available to women with gynaecological cancers, including cervical, ovarian, and endometrial malignancies, and highlights the importance of early multidisciplinary intervention in delivering personalised care.