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This paper explores the role of local labor market dynamics on the survival of new businesses. The characteristics of the local labor market are likely to influence the survival of new businesses, the level of entrepreneurship, and the resilience of the regional economy. We apply portfolio theory to evaluate employment-based and income-based measures of risk-and-return trade-offs in local labor markets on new business survival in the United States. Our results show that volatility in local labor markets has a positive impact on new business survival, especially in Metropolitan Statistical Areas. The results are robust across different timeframes, including during economic downturns, thus highlighting the contribution of new businesses in developing the resilience of the local economy, and further promoting sustainable regional economic development.
Bharman Gulati; Stephan Weiler. Risk, Recessions, and Resilience: Towards Sustainable Local Labor Markets through Employment Portfolio Analysis. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7926 .
AMA StyleBharman Gulati, Stephan Weiler. Risk, Recessions, and Resilience: Towards Sustainable Local Labor Markets through Employment Portfolio Analysis. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7926.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBharman Gulati; Stephan Weiler. 2021. "Risk, Recessions, and Resilience: Towards Sustainable Local Labor Markets through Employment Portfolio Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7926.
As prison populations have increased, states have often turned to private prisons in an effort to save on correctional costs. This paper first considers the trade‐offs between private and public prisons, then assesses the cost‐effectiveness of such strategies across all 50 states over 1999–2015 using a fixed‐effects panel model. We find that private prisons provide no significant systematic cost savings over the period of study, adding econometric clarification to previously inconclusive case study evidence.
Weston White; Anita Alves Pena; Stephan Weiler. Going private: Are private prisons cost‐saving options for states? Growth and Change 2020, 51, 1 .
AMA StyleWeston White, Anita Alves Pena, Stephan Weiler. Going private: Are private prisons cost‐saving options for states? Growth and Change. 2020; 51 (3):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWeston White; Anita Alves Pena; Stephan Weiler. 2020. "Going private: Are private prisons cost‐saving options for states?" Growth and Change 51, no. 3: 1.
This paper shows that brownfield redevelopment occurs at a lower than socially optimal rate due to a stigma effect. A theoretical framework is employed, incorporating asymmetric information showing this stigma within the brownfields market generates a first-mover problem. Developers require a risk premium on their rate of return to offset this stigma, which discourages investment. Asymmetric information further widens the gap between offer and asking prices, reducing successful transactions. Implications of the theoretical framework are explored using a survey of real estate developers in the Denver metropolitan area. Brownfield developers’ typical characteristics along with their risk and stigma premiums are quantified and found to be substantially in excess of cleanup costs.
Michael Trouw; Stephan Weiler; Jesse Silverstein. Brownfield Development: Uncertainty, Asymmetric Information, and Risk Premia. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2046 .
AMA StyleMichael Trouw, Stephan Weiler, Jesse Silverstein. Brownfield Development: Uncertainty, Asymmetric Information, and Risk Premia. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (5):2046.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael Trouw; Stephan Weiler; Jesse Silverstein. 2020. "Brownfield Development: Uncertainty, Asymmetric Information, and Risk Premia." Sustainability 12, no. 5: 2046.
About one-fifth of the total housing stock in Detroit, Michigan is vacant, blighted or abandoned. Abandoned homes are particularly vulnerable to arson, with an estimated 20 such structures set ablaze each day. In 2011 the Fire Commissioner of Detroit announced a policy of fire non-suppression for abandoned structures. The policy is referred to as “Let in Burn.” While such a policy has the merit of focusing scarce firefighting resources on situations in which people's lives are immediately at risk, we show that the policy exposes residents city-wide to various hazardous inorganic gases (CO, SO2, and NO2) released in uncontrolled fire events. By exploiting an annual tradition in Detroit called Devil's Night, we overcome a measurement problem involving the statistical attribution of changes in city-wide air quality due to fire emissions, and we conservatively estimate per burn pollutant externality costs from inorganic gas releases that include health damages in excess mortality and hospitalization for circulatory conditions in elderly populations. The estimated present value health burden for elderly residents of Detroit due to cardiovascular complications resulting from arson-related emissions of CO is greater than $300 million dollars. Since this is only a subset of the total social costs attributable to arson, the results suggest that a large scale blight reduction program might be socially efficient. Building on our empirical findings, we argue that the dilemma facing Detroit has the structure of a classic poverty trap. The corresponding insights may be relevant for other so-called rust belt cities grappling with the ecological economics of depopulation, housing abandonment, and arson.
Sammy Zahran; Terrence Iverson; Shawn P. McElmurry; Stephan Weiler; Ryan Levitt. Hidden Costs of Blight and Arson in Detroit: Evidence From a Natural Experiment in Devil's Night. Ecological Economics 2018, 157, 266 -277.
AMA StyleSammy Zahran, Terrence Iverson, Shawn P. McElmurry, Stephan Weiler, Ryan Levitt. Hidden Costs of Blight and Arson in Detroit: Evidence From a Natural Experiment in Devil's Night. Ecological Economics. 2018; 157 ():266-277.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSammy Zahran; Terrence Iverson; Shawn P. McElmurry; Stephan Weiler; Ryan Levitt. 2018. "Hidden Costs of Blight and Arson in Detroit: Evidence From a Natural Experiment in Devil's Night." Ecological Economics 157, no. : 266-277.
The relationship between the rate of business formation and growth has long been a widely accepted but empirically nearly-neglected foundation in economics. Regional economic analysis creates the possibility of a tractable geographic scope to better capture this relationship. Along with the more recent availability of regional data with the necessary depth and breadth to properly evaluate such a framework, these analyses have finally begun to clarify the clear and often surprising links between entrepreneurship and growth. Some of the most intriguing and promising perspectives come from the additional consideration of gender within this entrepreneurship/growth structure. Women are underrepresented in entrepreneurial initiatives even in the most advanced economies, yet are quickly becoming the dominant new entrants in the highly-skilled segment of the labor force. This labor supply is the likely source of the most innovative entrepreneurial initiatives, with the greatest potential for economic value-added and job creation.
Tessa Conroy; Stephan Weiler. Entrepreneurship, Growth, and Gender. The Co-evolution of Commodity Flows, Economic Geography, and Emissions 2017, 68, 85 -94.
AMA StyleTessa Conroy, Stephan Weiler. Entrepreneurship, Growth, and Gender. The Co-evolution of Commodity Flows, Economic Geography, and Emissions. 2017; 68 ():85-94.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTessa Conroy; Stephan Weiler. 2017. "Entrepreneurship, Growth, and Gender." The Co-evolution of Commodity Flows, Economic Geography, and Emissions 68, no. : 85-94.
This study examines the effect of small business loans on subsequent establishment births in U.S. counties. Using an economic growth framework and cross-sectional empirical model, we test the hypothesis that the establishment birth rate is higher in counties where the level and annual increase in lending is greater, controlling for community-level characteristics affecting business and economic dynamics. We also consider the long-term effect of small business lending and focus on establishing the appropriate lag structure. The results indicate that small business lending does generally have a positive effect on the employer establishment birth rate that is strongest in nonmetropolitan (rural) counties. (JEL L26, R11, M13)
Tessa Conroy; Sarah A. Low; Stephan Weiler. FUELING JOB ENGINES: IMPACTS OF SMALL BUSINESS LOANS ON ESTABLISHMENT BIRTHS IN METROPOLITAN AND NONMETRO COUNTIES. Contemporary Economic Policy 2017, 35, 578 -595.
AMA StyleTessa Conroy, Sarah A. Low, Stephan Weiler. FUELING JOB ENGINES: IMPACTS OF SMALL BUSINESS LOANS ON ESTABLISHMENT BIRTHS IN METROPOLITAN AND NONMETRO COUNTIES. Contemporary Economic Policy. 2017; 35 (3):578-595.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTessa Conroy; Sarah A. Low; Stephan Weiler. 2017. "FUELING JOB ENGINES: IMPACTS OF SMALL BUSINESS LOANS ON ESTABLISHMENT BIRTHS IN METROPOLITAN AND NONMETRO COUNTIES." Contemporary Economic Policy 35, no. 3: 578-595.
The Marketplace Fairness Act (S. 743) recently passed by the U.S. Senate may portend a national move toward states imposing sales taxes for business-to-consumer e-retail purchases. While much of the policy debate surrounding this question has focused on trade creation versus diversion, there are likely distinct compositional effects at the state level, which will affect both economic activity and tax revenue. Consumers are clearly hurt by an online sales tax. However, such a policy would seemingly benefit state tax coffers, as well as traditional brick-and-mortar retailers and their employees. This paper uses a computable general equilibrium model approach to get a better understanding of the state-level income, employment, and tax revenue effects of such a policy shift, in particular the likely tradeoffs between these three traditional economic targets across reasonable ranges of price elasticities.
Tessa Conroy; Harvey Cutler; Stephan Weiler. The State-Level Impacts of Enforcing Sales Taxes for E-retail Purchases. Growth and Change 2015, 47, 276 -295.
AMA StyleTessa Conroy, Harvey Cutler, Stephan Weiler. The State-Level Impacts of Enforcing Sales Taxes for E-retail Purchases. Growth and Change. 2015; 47 (2):276-295.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTessa Conroy; Harvey Cutler; Stephan Weiler. 2015. "The State-Level Impacts of Enforcing Sales Taxes for E-retail Purchases." Growth and Change 47, no. 2: 276-295.
We examine the contribution to economic growth of entrepreneurial marketplace information within a regional endogenous growth framework. Entrepreneurs are posited to provide an input to economic growth through the information revealed by their successes and failures. We empirically identify this information source with the regional variation in establishment births and deaths. To account for the potential endogeneity caused by forward‐looking entrepreneurs, we utilize instruments based on historic mining activity. We find that the information spillover component of local establishment birth and death rates have significant positive effects on subsequent entrepreneurship and employment growth for U.S. counties and metropolitan areas.
Devin Bunten; Stephan Weiler; Eric Thompson; Sammy Zahran. ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INFORMATION, AND GROWTH. Journal of Regional Science 2014, 55, 560 -584.
AMA StyleDevin Bunten, Stephan Weiler, Eric Thompson, Sammy Zahran. ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INFORMATION, AND GROWTH. Journal of Regional Science. 2014; 55 (4):560-584.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDevin Bunten; Stephan Weiler; Eric Thompson; Sammy Zahran. 2014. "ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INFORMATION, AND GROWTH." Journal of Regional Science 55, no. 4: 560-584.
While the possible negative effect of employer‐sponsored health insurance on labor mobility (job lock) has spawned substantial research, little research has considered differences in job lock between rural and urban areas. Job lock might differ in rural areas because of specific features of rural economies, in particular, the thinness of rural labor markets. This paper estimates measures of job lock for rural and urban areas. Parameter estimates suggest that it is larger in rural areas. The results also indicate that nonwage benefits such as retirement plans, paid vacation, and sick pay are more important factors in married rural workers decisions to change jobs while wages are a more important factor in the transition decisions of single urban workers.
David Mushinski; Alexandra Bernasek; Stephan Weiler. Job Lock in Rural versus Urban Labor Markets. Growth and Change 2014, 46, 253 -273.
AMA StyleDavid Mushinski, Alexandra Bernasek, Stephan Weiler. Job Lock in Rural versus Urban Labor Markets. Growth and Change. 2014; 46 (2):253-273.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Mushinski; Alexandra Bernasek; Stephan Weiler. 2014. "Job Lock in Rural versus Urban Labor Markets." Growth and Change 46, no. 2: 253-273.
Disaster damage levels are matched to county‐level nonprofit activity indicators. Using dynamic panel‐data estimation, nonprofit net assets (and nonprofit revenue to a lesser extent) defined at this local level are found to be positively correlated with disaster event damage levels, consistent with a post‐disaster giving mechanism. Magnitudes are relatively small, suggesting a distributed downstream flow of benefits to local nonprofits from larger national organizations. Furthermore, disaster damage at a lag is associated with only minor increases in the count of local nonprofit organizations at the county level. The relative impacts of assets and nonprofit counts in particular indicate that existing nonprofits have the established credibility and networks to be reliable conduits for post‐disaster asset flows. If local nonprofits are an indicator of regional social capital, the findings suggest that disasters reveal the resilience of social capital structures in the face of crisis along the focal dimension of nonprofit activity.
Anita A. Pena; Sammy Zahran; Anthony Underwood; Stephan Weiler. Effect of Natural Disasters on Local Nonprofit Activity. Growth and Change 2014, 45, 590 -610.
AMA StyleAnita A. Pena, Sammy Zahran, Anthony Underwood, Stephan Weiler. Effect of Natural Disasters on Local Nonprofit Activity. Growth and Change. 2014; 45 (4):590-610.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnita A. Pena; Sammy Zahran; Anthony Underwood; Stephan Weiler. 2014. "Effect of Natural Disasters on Local Nonprofit Activity." Growth and Change 45, no. 4: 590-610.
Rural retail trade industries can serve an export function for and contribute to the economic growth of a rural place. The importance of a retail trade industry to the economy of a rural place depends on its market area. Since those market areas often extend into a place’s hinterlands, retail trade can effectively have an export component for the place itself. Yet empirical determination of the export role of a rural retail trade industry has been historically confounded by data limitations which limit testing for and identification of an industry’s market area. Using geographic information system tools to define variables for differing driving distances (as contrasted with circles defined by Euclidean distance) from a place, this paper tests for the market areas of seven retail trade industries in rural places and for the impact of retail trade in hinterlands on those market areas. This paper contributes to the relevant literature in three ways. First, it tests formally for a retail industry’s “market area driving time.” Prior articles which have incorporated distance into their analyses have not generally tested for the actual travel times more appropriate for such analyses. Second, it finds that not undertaking such testing might produce misleading results regarding the relationship between a place and the hinterlands in its market areas. Third, the regression results suggest subtlety in the export nature of rural retail trade, with some industries losing their export nature when competing businesses appear in hinterlands (Weak Export Retail industries) and other industries retaining their export nature under those circumstances (Strong Export Retail industries).
David Mushinski; Stephan Weiler; Benjamin Widner. The impact of retail establishments in hinterlands on the export role of retail establishments in rural places. The Annals of Regional Science 2014, 52, 469 -487.
AMA StyleDavid Mushinski, Stephan Weiler, Benjamin Widner. The impact of retail establishments in hinterlands on the export role of retail establishments in rural places. The Annals of Regional Science. 2014; 52 (2):469-487.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Mushinski; Stephan Weiler; Benjamin Widner. 2014. "The impact of retail establishments in hinterlands on the export role of retail establishments in rural places." The Annals of Regional Science 52, no. 2: 469-487.
We first review Andy’s lessons to us on the potential contributions of storytelling in regional science. We then review Andy’s lessons on how measurement and definitions affect regional science research by focusing on Andy’s and our own work. We see this research through the lens of measurement and offer our suggestions for what is next.
Stephan Weiler; Sarah A. Low. Measurement and Storytelling in Regional Science. International Regional Science Review 2012, 36, 69 -80.
AMA StyleStephan Weiler, Sarah A. Low. Measurement and Storytelling in Regional Science. International Regional Science Review. 2012; 36 (1):69-80.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephan Weiler; Sarah A. Low. 2012. "Measurement and Storytelling in Regional Science." International Regional Science Review 36, no. 1: 69-80.
Casualties from natural disasters may depend on the day of the week they strike. With data from the Spatial Hazard Events and Losses Database for the United States (SHELDUS), daily variation in hurricane and tornado casualties from 5,043 tornado and 2,455 hurricane time/place events is analyzed. Hurricane forecasts provide at-risk populations with considerable lead time. Such lead time allows strategic behavior in choosing protective measures under hurricane threat; opportunity costs in terms of lost income are higher during weekdays than during weekends. On the other hand, the lead time provided by tornadoes is near zero; hence tornados generate no opportunity costs. Tornado casualties are related to risk information flows, which are higher during workdays than during leisure periods, and are related to sheltering-in-place opportunities, which are better in permanent buildings like businesses and schools. Consistent with theoretical expectations, random effects negative binomial regression results indicate that tornado events occurring on the workdays of Monday through Thursday are significantly less lethal than tornados that occur on weekends. In direct contrast, and also consistent with theory, the expected count of hurricane casualties increases significantly with weekday occurrences. The policy implications of observed daily variation in tornado and hurricane events are considered.
Sammy Zahran; Daniele Tavani; Stephan Weiler. Daily Variation in Natural Disaster Casualties: Information Flows, Safety, and Opportunity Costs in Tornado Versus Hurricane Strikes. Risk Analysis 2012, 33, 1265 -1280.
AMA StyleSammy Zahran, Daniele Tavani, Stephan Weiler. Daily Variation in Natural Disaster Casualties: Information Flows, Safety, and Opportunity Costs in Tornado Versus Hurricane Strikes. Risk Analysis. 2012; 33 (7):1265-1280.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSammy Zahran; Daniele Tavani; Stephan Weiler. 2012. "Daily Variation in Natural Disaster Casualties: Information Flows, Safety, and Opportunity Costs in Tornado Versus Hurricane Strikes." Risk Analysis 33, no. 7: 1265-1280.
Hurricane Andrew, which made landfall on August 24, 1992, was one of the most destructive hurricanes in American history, causing atypically high levels of psychological and physical health impairment among the resident population and especially among vulnerable groups. This article investigates whether maternal exposure to Hurricane Andrew during pregnancy increased the risk of dystocia (or dysfunctional labor) and infant delivery by cesarean section, the standard medical response to abnormal labor progression. We analyze 297,996 birth events in Miami-Dade and Broward counties in Florida from 1992 to 1993 using propensity score methodology with stratification and nearest-neighbor matching algorithms. Results show that hurricane-exposed pregnant women were significantly more likely to experience stress-induced abnormal labor and cesarean delivery outcomes as compared to statistically matched comparison groups. The conclusion details the policy implications of our results, with particular attention to the importance of maternal prenatal care in the aftermath of disasters.
Sammy Zahran; Lori Peek; Jeffrey G. Snodgrass; Stephan Weiler; Lynn Hempel. Abnormal labor outcomes as a function of maternal exposure to a catastrophic hurricane event during pregnancy. Natural Hazards 2012, 66, 61 -76.
AMA StyleSammy Zahran, Lori Peek, Jeffrey G. Snodgrass, Stephan Weiler, Lynn Hempel. Abnormal labor outcomes as a function of maternal exposure to a catastrophic hurricane event during pregnancy. Natural Hazards. 2012; 66 (1):61-76.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSammy Zahran; Lori Peek; Jeffrey G. Snodgrass; Stephan Weiler; Lynn Hempel. 2012. "Abnormal labor outcomes as a function of maternal exposure to a catastrophic hurricane event during pregnancy." Natural Hazards 66, no. 1: 61-76.
Public land designations have been shown to have significant impact on their contextual regional economies. This paper reviews the existing literature on how public lands impact the proximate regional economies in which they are situated. Based on this collected wisdom the paper synthesizes past lessons into a comprehensive impact methodology. This methodology distinguishes quality effects in terms of visitors’ willingness to pay for sites of higher quality and quantity effects in terms of additional visitation to such sites to give a more comprehensive methodology for characterizing visitation and economic impact of protected area designation. We focus on National Monuments and National Parks, given that these two types of public lands have the broadest popular exposure and feature the most reliable data. A case study is then presented for a hypothetical protected area in Ferry County, Washington, USA, applying this new methodology to assess the likely economic effects of different types of protected areas.
Sarah A. Cline; Stephan Weiler; Ayse Aydin. The value of a name: Estimating the economic impact of public land designation. The Social Science Journal 2011, 48, 681 -692.
AMA StyleSarah A. Cline, Stephan Weiler, Ayse Aydin. The value of a name: Estimating the economic impact of public land designation. The Social Science Journal. 2011; 48 (4):681-692.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarah A. Cline; Stephan Weiler; Ayse Aydin. 2011. "The value of a name: Estimating the economic impact of public land designation." The Social Science Journal 48, no. 4: 681-692.
Previous studies identified a curvilinear association between aggregated blood lead (BL) and soil lead (SL) data in New Orleans census tracts. In this study we investigate the relationships between SL (mg/kg), age of child, and BL (μg/dL) of 55,551 children in 280 census tracts in metropolitan New Orleans, 2000 to 2005. Analyses include random effects regression models predicting BL levels of children (μg/dL) and random effects logistic regression models predicting the odds of BL in children exceeding 15, 10, 7, 5, and 3 μg/dL as a function of age and SL exposure. Economic benefits of SL reduction scenarios are estimated. A unit raise in median SL0.5 significantly increases the BL level in children (b = 0.214 p = < 0.01), and a unit change in Age0.5 significantly increases child BL (b = 0.401, p = < 0.01). A unit change in Age0.5 increases the odds of a child BL exceeding 10 μg/dL by a multiplicative factor of 1.23 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.25), and a unit (mg/kg) addition of SL increases the odds of child BL > 10 μg/dL by a factor of 1.13 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.14). Extrapolating from regression results, we find that a shift in SL regulatory standard from 400 to 100 mg/kg provides each child with an economic benefit ranging from $4710 to $12,624 ($US 2000). Children's BL is a curvilinear function of both age and level of exposure to neighborhood SL. Therefore, a change in SL regulatory standard from 400 to 100 mg/kg provides children with substantial economic benefit.
Sammy Zahran; Howard W. Mielke; Stephan Weiler; Christopher R. Gonzales. Nonlinear associations between blood lead in children, age of child, and quantity of soil lead in metropolitan New Orleans. Science of The Total Environment 2011, 409, 1211 -1218.
AMA StyleSammy Zahran, Howard W. Mielke, Stephan Weiler, Christopher R. Gonzales. Nonlinear associations between blood lead in children, age of child, and quantity of soil lead in metropolitan New Orleans. Science of The Total Environment. 2011; 409 (7):1211-1218.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSammy Zahran; Howard W. Mielke; Stephan Weiler; Christopher R. Gonzales. 2011. "Nonlinear associations between blood lead in children, age of child, and quantity of soil lead in metropolitan New Orleans." Science of The Total Environment 409, no. 7: 1211-1218.
Katherine Chalmers; Stephan Weiler. Sorting winners and losers: using CGE models to assess income distribution effects of economic development choices. Regional Science Policy & Practice 2011, 3, 1 -15.
AMA StyleKatherine Chalmers, Stephan Weiler. Sorting winners and losers: using CGE models to assess income distribution effects of economic development choices. Regional Science Policy & Practice. 2011; 3 (1):1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatherine Chalmers; Stephan Weiler. 2011. "Sorting winners and losers: using CGE models to assess income distribution effects of economic development choices." Regional Science Policy & Practice 3, no. 1: 1-15.
This study analyzes pre-Katrina variation in aggregate student performance and children’s blood lead (BPb) in 117 elementary school districts in metropolitan New Orleans. Fourth grade student achievement on Louisiana Educational Assessment Program (LEAP) tests were analyzed as a function of BPb for children 1–6 years old within school districts, controlling for student–teacher ratios, percent of students eligible for a free or discounted lunch, and school racial demography. Measures of performance across subject areas (English Language Arts, Science, Mathematics, and Social Studies) include school Achievement Test Scores (ATS) and indices of agreement and variation in student achievement. ATS are measured on a 5-point scale, corresponding to achievement categories of advanced = 5 to unsatisfactory = 1. Regression results show that median BPb (μg/dL) and percent of children with BPb ≥10μg/dL are significantly associated with reductions in test scores across all subjects and depress variation in student performance across achievement categories. These data suggest that assisting children with improved school performance requires alleviation of pre-school Pb exposure and its associated neurotoxic damage. Cost–benefit calculations suggest that it is more cost effective to pay for onetime primary prevention instead of paying continuous expenses focused on reversing neurotoxic damage.
S. Zahran; H.W. Mielke; S. Weiler; K.J. Berry; C. Gonzales. Children’s blood lead and standardized test performance response as indicators of neurotoxicity in metropolitan New Orleans elementary schools. NeuroToxicology 2009, 30, 888 -897.
AMA StyleS. Zahran, H.W. Mielke, S. Weiler, K.J. Berry, C. Gonzales. Children’s blood lead and standardized test performance response as indicators of neurotoxicity in metropolitan New Orleans elementary schools. NeuroToxicology. 2009; 30 (6):888-897.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Zahran; H.W. Mielke; S. Weiler; K.J. Berry; C. Gonzales. 2009. "Children’s blood lead and standardized test performance response as indicators of neurotoxicity in metropolitan New Orleans elementary schools." NeuroToxicology 30, no. 6: 888-897.
We analyze household flood insurance purchases in Florida from 1999 to 2005, and the extent to which household insurance purchases correspond with flood mitigation activities by local governments involved in the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Community Rating System (CRS). Regression results indicate that household flood insurance purchases correlate strongly with local government mitigation activities, adjusting for hazard experience, hazard proximity, and community demography. Policy implications of this observed relationship are discussed, assuming four temporal order and floodplain development scenarios, with particular attention to the congruence of outcomes relative to policy objectives.
Sammy Zahran; Stephan Weiler; Samuel D. Brody; Michael K. Lindell; Wesley E. Highfield. Modeling national flood insurance policy holding at the county scale in Florida, 1999–2005. Ecological Economics 2009, 68, 2627 -2636.
AMA StyleSammy Zahran, Stephan Weiler, Samuel D. Brody, Michael K. Lindell, Wesley E. Highfield. Modeling national flood insurance policy holding at the county scale in Florida, 1999–2005. Ecological Economics. 2009; 68 (10):2627-2636.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSammy Zahran; Stephan Weiler; Samuel D. Brody; Michael K. Lindell; Wesley E. Highfield. 2009. "Modeling national flood insurance policy holding at the county scale in Florida, 1999–2005." Ecological Economics 68, no. 10: 2627-2636.
This article argues that using either the SIC or NAICS one-digit classifications as a method of aggregating two- and three-digit time series data can ignore important regional characteristics. We present a pairwise cointegration approach of aggregation where the aggregated sectors can vary widely across regions. By systematically constructing region-specific sectors from more detailed industries, we find that the level of agglomeration across rural and urban areas can affect the composition and number of local sectors in a region. We use the results pointing to rural/urban geographic distinctiveness to further consider the Carlino and Defina (1998, 1999) finding that monetary policy has disparate effects across regions in the U.S. Copyright (c) 2007 the author(s). Journal compilation (c) 2007 RSAI.
Harvey Cutler; Scott England; Stephan Weiler. Urban and regional distinctions for aggregating time series data. Papers in Regional Science 2007, 86, 575 -595.
AMA StyleHarvey Cutler, Scott England, Stephan Weiler. Urban and regional distinctions for aggregating time series data. Papers in Regional Science. 2007; 86 (4):575-595.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarvey Cutler; Scott England; Stephan Weiler. 2007. "Urban and regional distinctions for aggregating time series data." Papers in Regional Science 86, no. 4: 575-595.